208 Serendipity with chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae, Philopteridae) infesting rock pigeons and mourning doves (Aves: Columbiformes: Columbidae) in Manitoba, with new records for North America and Canada Terry D. Galloway1 Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2 Ricardo L. Palma Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand Abstract—An extensive survey of chewing lice from rock pigeon, Columba livia Gmelin, and mourning dove, Zenaida macroura (L.), carried out from 1994 to 2000 and from 2003 to 2006 in Manitoba, Canada, produced the following new records: Coloceras tovornikae Tendeiro for North America; Columbicola macrourae (Wilson), Hohorstiella lata (Piaget), H. paladinella Hill and Tuff, and Physconelloides zenaidurae (McGregor) for Canada; and Bonomiella columbae Emerson, Campanulotes compar (Burmeister), Columbicola baculoides (Paine), and C. columbae (L.) for Manitoba. We collected 25 418 lice of four species (C. compar, C. columbae, H. lata, and C. tovornikae) from 322 rock pigeons. The overall prevalence of infestation was 78.9%, 52.5%, and 23.3% for C. compar, C. columbae, and H. lata, respectively. Coloceras tovornikae was not discovered until 2003, after which its prevalence was 39.9% on 114 pigeons. We col- lected 1116 lice of five species (P. zenaidurae, C. baculoides, C. macrourae, H. paladinella, and B. columbae) from 117 mourning doves. Physconelloides zenaidurae was encountered most often (prevalence was 36.7%), while the prevalence of the other four species was 26.3%, 18.4%, 3.5%, and 2.6%, respectively. Galloway218 and Palma Résumé—Une étude approfondie de poux mâcheurs sur des pigeons bisets, Colomba livia Gme- lin, et des tourterelles tristes, Zenaida macroura (L.), effectuée de 1994 à 2000 et de 2003 à 2006 au Manitoba, Canada, a produit les nouvelles mentions suivantes : Coloceras tovornikae Tendeiro pour l’Amérique du Nord; Columbicola macrourae (Wilson), Hohorstiella lata (Piaget), H. paladi- nella Hill et Tuff et Physconelloides zenaidurae (McGregor) pour le Canada; et Bonomiella co- lumbae Emerson, Campanulotes compar (Burmeister), Columbicola baculoides (Paine) et C. columbae (L.) pour le Manitoba. Nous avons rassemblé 25 418 poux de quatre espèces (C. com- par, C. columbae, H. lata et C. tovornikae) sur 322 pigeons bisets. La prédominance globale était 78,9 %, 52,5 % et 23,3 % pour C. compar, C. columbae et H. lata, respectivement. Coloceras tovornikae n’a pas été découvert avant 2003, après quoi sa prédominance de l’infestation était 39,9 % sur 114 pigeons bisets. Nous avons rassemblé 1116 poux de cinq espèces (P. zenaidurae, C. bacu- loides, C. macrourae, H. paladinella et B. columbae) sur 117 tourterelles tristes. Physconelloides zenaidurae a été trouvé plus fréquemment (prédominance était 36,7 %), alors que la prédominance pour les quatre autres espèces était 26,3 %, 18,4 %, 3,5 % et 2,6 %, respectivement. Introduction well known (e.g., Emerson 1957a, 1957b, 1960; Emerson and Ward 1958; Hill and Tuff 1978; Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae, Clayton and Price 1999; Price et al. 1999). The Philopteridae) of Columbiformes in North domestic pigeon or rock pigeon (Columba livia America have been the subject of numerous tax- Gmelin), in particular, is widely spread as a re- onomic studies, and the species are reasonably sult of dispersal by human, and has carried many Received 2 June 2007. Accepted 9 November 2007. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). Can. Entomol. 140: 208–218 (2008) © 2008 Entomological Society of Canada Galloway and Palma 209 lice along with it on its global travels (e.g., Nel- species are known to infest this host elsewhere son and Murray 1971; Pilgrim 1976; Dranzoa et (Price et al. 2003). No one has conducted a al. 1999; Toro et al. 1999). Because of the abun- consistent, intensive survey of chewing lice on dance of some of the rock pigeon lice and the pigeons in Canada. ease of captive breeding and handling of the host As part of a survey on ectoparasites of birds in and its lice, they have been used to conduct Manitoba, we examined rock pigeons and many detailed studies on biology, ecology, and mourning doves first in 1994. Since no new lice evolution (e.g., Martin 1934; Stenram 1956; Nel- were discovered, sampling effort was reduced son and Murray 1971; Clayton 1990; Clayton during 1999–2002. In 2003, at the request of a 1991; Moyer et al. 2003; Bush et al. 2006). colleague, a few rock pigeons were examined for The columbiform fauna of Manitoba is quite lice. To our considerable surprise, the first pi- limited, including only two species that now geon examined was infested with a species of breed regularly in the province. The rock pigeon Coloceras Taschenberg (Philopteridae) not seen is important as a peridomestic species and to pi- in previous samples, and in fact, a genus not pre- geon fanciers, and as a reservoir of organisms viously known to occur on domestic pigeons in potentially pathogenic to humans (Johnston 1992). North America (Johnson and Clayton 2003). The It is very abundant around human habitation, species is, in our opinion, C. tovornikae and some of its highest densities recorded dur- Tendeiro. We provide a description of the previ- ing Christmas bird counts in North America ously unknown male of this species and discuss have been in Manitoba. The mourning dove the ramifications of its discovery in North Amer- (Zenaida macroura (L.)) is an important game ica. After this serendipitous discovery, intense species in the United States of America, and is sampling of rock pigeons was resumed to obtain one of the most abundant species of birds in as much information about this newly discovered North America (Mirarchi and Baskett 1994). It chewing louse as possible. Here we report on the breeds commonly across southern and western species of chewing lice found over a span of Manitoba and has been sighted into the far 12 years on the two most abundant species of northern regions of the province (Holland and columbiforms in Manitoba, along with their re- Taylor 2003). The passenger pigeon (Ectopistes spective infestation parameters. migratorius (L.)) was once abundant in Mani- toba but is now extinct. Two additional species, Materials and methods the band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata Say) and the white-winged dove (Zenaida asiatica Birds were salvaged from a number of (L.)), have been recorded in the province as rare sources under scientific collecting permits is- visitors (Koes 2003; Taylor 2003). sued by Manitoba Conservation and the Cana- Although Price et al. (2003) reported 12 spe- dian Wildlife Service. Most came from the cies of chewing lice on the ubiquitous rock pi- hospital of the Manitoba Wildlife Rehabilitation geon, only three species have been reported in Organization (now Wildlife Haven) at the Canada: Bonomiella columbae Emerson Glenlea Research Station (University of Mani- (Menoponidae) from British Columbia (Emerson toba Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sci- 1957b), Campanulotes compar (Burmeister) ences), Glenlea, Manitoba. A few birds were (Philopteridae) from Alberta (Brown and Wilk found dead and submitted by members of the 1944) and Quebec (Raynor 1932; Whitehead public. No attempt was made to sex or age the 1934, 1954), and Columbicola columbae (L.) birds. Each bird was individually bagged imme- (Philopteridae) from British Columbia (Spencer diately after death and frozen to kill all 1928, 1948, 1957), Alberta (Brown and Wilk ectoparasites. Chewing lice were collected from 1944), Ontario (Stirrett 1952), and Quebec about 30 rock pigeons and 27 mourning doves (Raynor 1932; Thompson 1934; Whitehead early in the survey (1994–1995) by ruffling the 1934, 1954). The rock pigeon is very common feathers of each over a white enamel pan. Sub- in southern Canada and there are many unpub- sequently examined birds were washed in warm lished records for these lice in various soapy water and ectoparasites were collected collections; however, no one has gathered the in- using methods described in Mironov and Gallo- formation together. There is only one published way (2002). Data from ruffled birds are com- record of a chewing louse from Z. macroura in bined with data from washed birds, with no Canada: Columbicola baculoides (Paine), from discrimination in the analysis of prevalence of British Columbia (Spencer 1957), although five infestation. It is understood that data from © 2008 Entomological Society of Canada 210 Can. Entomol. Vol. 140, 2008 ruffled birds constitute an underestimate of in- or were euthanized as a result of severe infec- tensity of infestation for those birds (Clayton tion). and Drown 2001; T.D. Galloway, unpublished A total of 25 418 lice of four species were data), so in comparisons of intensity of infesta- found infesting rock pigeons in Manitoba: tion among rock pigeons for different time peri- Columbicola columbae, Campanulotes compar, ods, only data from washed birds are included. Hohorstiella lata (Piaget) (Menoponidae), and Ectoparasites were preserved in 70% ethanol, Coloceras tovornikae. For the total sample of and slides of representative specimens were 322 birds, the prevalence of infestation by all made throughout the study using the method species was 81.4% (95% confidence interval = described by Richards (1964). Prevalence (per- 76.7–85.5) and the mean intensity was 97.3 centage of hosts infested) and mean intensity (range = 1–2416, 95% bootstrap confidence in- (mean number of lice per infested host) are re- terval = 78.6–125.9). The distribution of total ported for total infestations and infestation by lice on pigeons did not conform to the negative each species of louse. Calculations and compar- binomial distribution (variance/mean = 418.3, isons of infestation parameters were conducted D = 0.725). Of the total birds sampled, 64 using Quantitative Parasitology 3.0, according (19.9%) were infested with only one species of to Rózsa et al. (2000). louse, and of these, 57 (89.1%) were infested A variety of lice other than those that specifi- with C.