FtCAION Agriculture--Agr icultural economics 2. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Annual report 1967 3. AUTHORASE (101) Wis. Univ. Land Tenure Center 7. I-.fL FRONR ERNAAJIZATIONAND ADDREIOAME ST Wis. A 4,iII4hivI 8. ',IIPPL I-Mi NTf , N(I) I ,T irn Tf,)ti, SHh Ehr (Research summary) 9. AIYTAAE0 T ii. PRICE OF DOCUMENT T0. LONTROL NUMBER PN-RAA- 825 NUMBER 12. DESCRIPTORS 13. PROJECT LatinLand tenure________________America 14. CONTRACT NUMBER Repas-3 Res. Is. TYPe oF DOCUMENT AID 14-74) 11Op THE LAND TENURI I E CENITER Ac,.~oopeatverserc.ndtroiningprogram of theAmerican L. L~I~ LiIL~'d L I'~ ~'I' 11' Nations, the Agency for International Development, and the ISubmitted January, 1968 By The Land Tenure Center 310 KING HALL UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON, WISCONSIN L A N D T E N U R E C EN TER 310 King Hall University rof Wisconsin. "Madison, Wisconsin 53706 January 1968 Johh M. Curran, Chief Contract Services Division Agency for International Development Washington, D.C. 20523 Re: AID/repas-3 University of Wisconsin Deer. Mr. Curran: I enclose copies of the Land Tenu;'e Center's annual program report for calendar year 1967. This is in accordance with procedures outlined ih Amendment No. 3.of the Wisconsin contract. Sincerely yoursj, Don Kanel Director encl:-, 2. coptes of Report cc:D. :Douglas Catony Chief, Agriculture.and . Rural Development Service. Office of theWar' on Hunger, AID Washington Dr. Robert McMil an, ARDS/WOH-. Contract Monitor (with 30 coples of1 eport) .... • CONTENTS PR FAC . 4 A SUMMARY OF lAND TENURE CENTER RESEARCH . , 1 II ACTIVITIESAND SERVICES,. * . ° o . • , a * 7 III CONSULTING SERVICES ERVICE...,, 21 IV THE STUDY OF RURAL INSTITUTIONS: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE LAND TENURE CENTER AND OTHER CAMPUS PROGRAMS . .. ..... 25 V FIELD RESEARCH REPORTS Colombia ... , , , . 27 Bolivia . .°. a o 41 Chile ., . .. 46 Central America . .60 Brazil . , . , . , , ° . , , . 67 APPENDIX Survey of the Alliance for Progress: Problems'of Agriculture . • 0 • • . 0 • 0 • • 77 JPREFACE- In his 1967 State of the Union Message, President Johnson said, "Next to the pursuit of peace, the realy, greatest challenge to the human family is the race between -food supply and population* Increase. That race tonight :is, .1belng lost . .. The.time for concerted action is here and. we must get 'on with the job." Complementing this statement, Dr. Herbert..J..!Waters, AssistantAdministrator for the War on Hunger, U.S. Agency for International Development, has asserted, "There, is no .simple or easy solution. We know from experience .ino"ur own country the complexities of modernizing agriculture.. ;It took us a span of almost a century. There is not that much time to spare 'in'getting the job done in the rest of the world. The challenge Is to speed up this modernization process--iWhatever it takesto get it done.'" This sense of urgency hasripervaded all Informed.discus­ ,sIon of the world food problem during 1do67. The research of ,the Land Tenure Center has beendesigned to assist in this effort In several of the Latin American republics' for,; as~a recent University of Wisconsin report on international pro­ grams claimed, "A great University cannot stand apart from one of the major efforts of its time." The overriding concern of the staff and fellows of the. Land.Tenure Center--a concern which has emerged froin research to date--is.t.hat. the issues of increasing agricultural produc­ tion, and'the distributIon of the fruIts of that production must be viewed as parts of the same problem. The Alliance for Pro­ gress or any U.S. policy-must not cope with one of these issues to the exclusion of the other. There.,has been some evidence, throughout 1967., that:-the policy goal of increasing marketable surplus from farms'inLat.In America has gained such pre-eminence that the Issue of! . distribution has tended to be shortchanged in U.S. policy. Yet, _ ample-evidence shows that how increased production is appor­ tioned In Latin America and elsewhere in the world is crucial,. -.,The President's Science Advisory Committee has claimed, .heworld's Increasingly serious nutritional problem arises from the uneven distribution of the food supply among countries, r'1W!.thncountrjes, and among families with different levels of jncome. Globa..statistical. surveys, based upon total food pro­ duced per person, suggest that there Is no world-wide shortage of .food:|n terms of quantlty (calories) or quality (protein) ,at 'the moment.". Thl.s,seems to reaffirm President Kennedy's statement, " .. o unless soclai'reforms are freely made,unless the great mass of Americans share In increasing productivity-­ then our Alliance, our revolution. and our dream will have fa I led;" Most of, Latin America is still characterized,by extreme, concentration of. landownership.. The majority of.-active agri­ cultural population--wage workers, small owners, sharecroppers-­ either have no land or too little to support their families. A .development policy which holds out Incentives only to owners .of large farms does little to enhance the economic participation of the Latin American peasant. Because of structural rigiditles, Itdoes not permit the campesino to play a more effective part in production. It does not protect him from the disparities:and disequilibria that come with change. The gap between the rich and poor In Latin America widens each year. This situation places severe strains on existing, rural Institutions as disadvantaged groups demand change, Policy makers must know what is happening when peasants move from subsistence to market participation,-as their problems are arti­ culated by political leadersy and as they demand a larger share of the country's Income. Public development agencies must know which methods are successful with different strata of farmers and what responses to expect. They must devise programs for small owners who are relatively neglected. They need to know how uneven participation in development affects demand. -Does It stimulate imports or domestic production? Does .i-t deterr.mine the kinds of products demanded? Does it circumscribe the proportion of total population participating in development? The development.planner must know how the rural working 'class lives and how rural people affect and are affected by the "forces for change. And from"islands of change"--or from coun­ tries which have:radically changed their land tenure structure-­ lessons must be drawn which will help policy makers to.deal in­ telligently with future broader reforms. or modify current re­ ."fdrms In such a way as to enhance the productive capacity of aqriculture. In dealing with theseissues the-Land -Tenure, Center unaer­ -writes and encourages: !'. Studies of: the' :effects. of;:the, present land tenure system on'agrlCultural "develipmentand moderhization. i2.' Stud tei 6f new'tenire experimentssuch as colonizationl pardel ization., and new land -settlement., 3 ' Studies of means of achleVing effective extensioh, ,techni cal 1 nformation, ':niarket ,arid, cred'it services, :and iIt the effect these services might have on Individual farm management decisions. 4. Studies of social, economic, and political changes resulting from agrarian reform efforts. 5. StUdies of the legal framework which regulates economic and social activities in the rural sector. SUMMARY OF LAND TENURE CENTER RESEARCH SUMIMARY OF LAND TENURE CENTER RESEARC:; The research program of the Land Tenure Center focuses upon social structure and institutional change and the ir.,pact of government programs on rural communities of Latin America. Vast changes are occurring within Latin American socie­ ties. Rapid population growth and mirnration to cities are general in all countries. Less widespread but locally import­ ant are colonization of new areas, introduction of new agri­ cultural technology and programs of land reform. These changes give rise to unrest and new attitudes and expectations to which governr.,ents must respond. Pro,,rar;s of agricultural devel­ opn.ent become more than questions of technical research, SL!pply of inputs and price incentives; governments face developient­ createJ d-islocations in the amount of agricultural employment and the terms on which it is available. They must try to re­ solve the question "Uho has access to the benefits of develop­ ment?'" In consequence, development pro-rans have to be devised so that they can reach different types of rural people. In some.O cases this d;evelopmient effort calls for some direct Sovernment intervention to change the land tenLre system. Issues of land tenure reform arise in contexts that differ from country to :country and from one time period to another. Rarely is the q.estion one of implementing an ideal land tenure system. Conditions for a controlled, wholesale transformation of a tenure system can be estaW isheJ only by a violent disruption of tie existing social structure and elimination of vested interests, comibined with total itarian control by a smal l, unified new group in power. These condi­ tions almost never exist. In real life, unrest or revolution may result in occupation of land bN, the peasants, with govern­ ments exercising only lirited control over the course of events. In less revolutionary situations, pressures for land tenure reform compete with cross pressures from other politically effective groups, and policy decisions are constrained by a diversity of group interests and by the financial capacities of the country. In addition, land tenure systems are subject to continuous change whether or not they are being modified