A Companion to the Great Western Schism (1378–1417) Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition A series of handbooks and reference works on the intellectual and religious life of Europe, 500–1700 VOLUME 17 A Companion to the Great Western Schism (1378–1417) Edited by Joëlle Rollo-Koster and Th omas M. Izbicki LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 On the cover: “Pope and crowned beast”. Plate 30 from the Pope Prophecies, ed. Pasquilino. Venice: H. Porrus, 1589. (Collection Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski) Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to the great western schism (1378–1417) / edited by Joëlle Rollo-Koster and Th omas M. Izbicki. p. cm. — (Brill’s companions to the Christian tradition, ISSN 1871-6377 ; v. 17) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-16277-8 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Schism, Th e Great Western, 1378–1417. I. Rollo-Koster, Joëlle. II. Izbicki, Th omas M. BX1301.C66 2009 270.5—dc22 2009027555 ISSN 1871-6377 ISBN 978 90 04 16277 8 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Th e Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS List of Illustrations ............................................................................ vii Introduction: Th e Great Schism and the Scholarly Record ....... 1 Joëlle Rollo-Koster and Th omas M. Izbicki Civil Violence and Th e Initiation of the Schism .......................... 9 Joëlle Rollo-Koster Luxury and Extravagance at the Papal Court in Avignon and the Outbreak of the Great Western Schism ............................. 67 Stefan Weiß Local Experiences of the Great Western Schism ......................... 89 Philip Daileader Th e Conceptualization and Imagery of the Great Schism .......... 123 Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski Witness to the Schism: Th e Writings of Honorat Bovet ............ 159 Michael Hanly Byzantium, Islam, and the Great Western Schism ...................... 197 Michael A. Ryan Seeking Legitimacy: Art and Manuscripts for the Popes in Avignon from 1378 to 1417 ........................................................ 239 Cathleen A. Fleck Th e Reform Context of the Great Western Schism ..................... 303 Christopher M. Bellitto Extra ecclesiam salus non est—sed quae ecclesia?: Ecclesiology and Authority in the Later Middle Ages ............ 333 David Zachariah Flanagin vi contents Th e Authority of Peter and Paul: Th e Use of Biblical Authority during the Great Schism ........................................... 375 Th omas M. Izbicki Th e Council of Constance (1414–18) and the End of the Schism ............................................................................................. 395 Phillip H. Stump Conclusion: Th e Shadow of the Schism ........................................ 443 Th omas M. Izbicki Bibliography ........................................................................................ 447 Notes on Contributors ...................................................................... 455 Indices .................................................................................................. 459 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Cover illustration Pope and crowned beast Luxury and Extravagance at the Papal Court in Avignon and the Outbreak of the Great Western Schism Fig. 1: Annual Average Expenditure for the Kitchen under the Avignonese Popes ................................................................. 84 Th e Conceptualization and Imagery of the Great Schism Fig. 1: Th e Tree of Battles with the warring papal armies on top. Th e Pierpont Morgan Library, New York. MS M907, folio 2v ............................................................... 131 Fig. 2: Th e two-headed monster from the Ascende calve. Bildarchiv der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, MS 13648, folio 8v ............................................... 152 Fig. 3: Th e “terrible beast” oft en depicting Pope Urban VI. Plate XV from the Pope Prophecies, ed. Pasquilino. Venice: H. Porrus, 1589 (author’s collection) ................ 153 Seeking Legitimacy: Art and Manuscripts for the Popes in Avignon from 1378 to 1417 Fig. 1: Map of Avignon, late 14th–early 15th c. .......................... 257 Fig. 2: Head of Clement VII with papal crown and coats of arms from his former tomb at Celestine Church, ca. 1394–1401, Avignon ...................................................... 262 Fig. 3: Drawing of the tomb of Cardinal Jean de la Grange, formerly in St.-Martial, Avignon, ca. 1394–1402 ............ 266 Fig. 4: Celestial Jerusalem, Book of Revelation, Bible of Clement VII, ca. 1330 .......................................................... 284 Fig. 5: Workshop of Jean de Toulouse, Crucifi xion in the Missal for Clement VII, bef. 1394 ..................................... 289 Fig. 6: Missal of Benedict XIII ........................................................ 298 INTRODUCTION THE GREAT SCHISM AND THE SCHOLARLY RECORD Joëlle Rollo-Koster and Th omas M. Izbicki Th e Great Schism or Triple Schism (1378–1417) has a long record of historiographic opinions, many tied to confessional suppositions. Th e predominant opinions, however, derived from Roman Catholic circles. Conciliarists tended to emphasize not the legitimacy of one papal line, that of Rome, Avignon, or Pisa but the role of the Council of Constance (1414–18) in authoritatively reuniting the Church. Even papal apolo- gists, beginning with the Dominican cardinal Juan de Toquemada (1388–1468), were reluctant to draw a conclusion about which line was legitimate. Such a judgment might have proven divisive, especially in the period of the Council of Basel (1431–49), which challenged a legitimately elected pope, Eugenius IV (1431–47). Torquemada argued that the decree Haec sancta of the Council of Constance, enacted in 1415, was not an act of a true general council, because the council only became licit when the three obediences of the Schism assembled at Constance. Torquemada admitted that Eugenius IV might have thought Gregory XII (1406–15), his uncle, was true pope; but the thrust of his argument remained that no choice between the obediences was use- ful to the Church.1 Only later would this stance be changed, favoring convocation of the council by the Roman claimant, Gregory, as the legitimization of the Constance assembly by the true pope. Th e rewrite favoring Rome was especially the work of 19th-century Roman Catholic writers, but it predominated in most writings until the middle of the 20th century. Even then, as Francis Oakley has observed, the Annuario pontifi cio listed the Pisan popes, Alexander V (1409–10) and the fi rst John XXIII (1410–15), as legitimate popes until 1947, during the reign of Pope Pius XII.2 1 Th omas M. Izbicki, “Papalist Reaction to the Council of Constance: Juan de Torquemada to the Present,” Church History 55 (1986), 7–20. 2 Francis Oakley, Th e Conciliarist Tradition: Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church, 1300–1870 (Oxford, 2003), pp. 254–55. 2 joëlle rollo-koster and thomas m. izbicki Th e convocation of the Second Vatican Council caused a rethinking of ideas about the origins of conciliarism, one most oft en associated with the work of Brian Tierney.3 Even then, the historiography of the Schism was little aff ected by new currents in the fi eld of historical ecclesiology. Th e most vexing problem in assessing the Schism remained that of judging the conclave that elected the archbishop of Bari, Bartolomeo Prignano, who chose to reign as Pope Urban VI (1378–89). Th e tumul- tuous situation in Rome at that time could lead scholars to judge the election of Urban coerced, legitimating the later choice of Cardinal Robert of Geneva as Pope Clement VII (1378–94). Th e time between the conclave in Rome and the fl ight of the cardinals, when they peti- tioned Urban for favors, could lead to the opposite conclusion, that only his violent conduct drove the Sacred College to choose a new pontiff . Until recently, the balance of the scholarship has favored the latter interpretation.4 New approaches, including analysis of the customs surrounding papal elections, cast light even on this controversy from time immemorial.5 Th is is refl ected in our collection of studies. Likewise, there are other, less “political” issues that were largely ignored by historians until much later times. Th e cultural and even the pastoral impacts of ecclesiastical division began being addressed in depth only on the 6th centennial of the outbreak of the Schism.6 Th is need to look beyond ecclesiastical politics and polemics, as interesting as they are, to other issues is refl ected too in the diversity of topics covered in our own collection. Th is includes taking up vernacular sources and the viewpoints of less exalted persons, to set alongside the pronouncements of theologians and jurists.7 Breadth of coverage is the aim throughout this collection. Th e time covered extends past