THE IMPACT OF COLONIALISM ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN GALADIMA DISTRICT, KATSINA EMIRATE 1903 - 1960 BY BAHAGO MUSA YARO MA/ARTS/7856/2009-2010 BEING AN M.A. THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POST-GRADUATE SCHOOL, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF ART IN HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY FACULTY OF ARTS AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA MARCH, 2015 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that the Thesis entitled: The Impact of Colonialism on Agricultural Production in Galadima District, Katsina Emirate 1903 - 1960 has been written by me and that it is a correct record of my own research work. It has not been presented in any previous application for a higher degree. All quotations are indicated and the sources of information are specially acknowledged by means of references. _______________________ __________________ BAHAGO, MUSA YARO DATE ii CERTIFICATION This Thesis entitled “The Impact of Colonialism on the Agricultural Production in Galadima District 1902 – 1960,” by Bahago Musa Yaro meets the regulations covering the award of the degree of Masters of Art in History in the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. _______________________ __________________ Dr. Mamman Musa Adamu Date (Major Supervisor) _______________________ __________________ Dr Kabiru Suleman Chafe Date (Minor Supervisor) ________________________ __________________ Prof. Sule Mohammed Date (Head of Department) ________________________ __________________ Prof. I. Zoaka Date (Dean, Post Graduate School) iii DEDICATION I hereby dedicate this thesis to my beloved late sister Hussaina D. Bahago, who passed away on 22nd December, 1995 and to my humble wife Asabe Musa for her immense support and encouragement during the difficult period of my research. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thank God Almighty for making it possible for me to undergo this master‟s programme in the History Department A.B.U Zaria. My profound gratitude goes to my first supervisor Dr. Mamman Musa Adamu and the second supervisor Dr. Kabiru Suleiman Chafe for the tremendous effort they put in reading and correcting the thesis. I also went to thank my wife Mrs. Asabe Musa and my children, Amina, Bishir, Umar, and Ashiru whose contributions, support and encouragement made the programme a success. My appreciation also goes to our able lecturers whom I owe great regard. The efforts of the following lecturers towards my success of this programme would never be forgotten in my life – Prof Enoch Ayodele, Prof Sule Bello, Prof Hamman Mahmoud, Dr. M.M Gwadabe, Prof Abdulkadir Adamu, Dr H.A Alahira, Dr. Usman Ladan, Dr S. Jimada, Dr John Agi, Mallam Safiyanu Aminu, the Post-Graduate Library staff and the departmental Secretaries. I must show my deepest gratitude to my colleagues who studied the course with me. I sincerely enjoyed their company and I will never forget them. They are, Nasiru Gambo, Luka Jane Lamba, Tijjani Ibrahim, Grace Auta, Ibrahim Ahmed, Rahila A. Modibbo, Grace Musa Mmiyangi, Mohammed A. Benu, Mutuah I.S Rebecca, Sani Ahmed Namalam, Ezema Ogugua, Zainab Abdulrazak, Ibrahim Malam, Emeghara Stanley, Abdulkadir A. Yelwa, Alorfa Terlanga, Ibrahim Salihu Mukhtar and late Malu Clement [R.I.P]. v ABBREVIATIONS B.C.G.A. - British Cotton Growing Association Buying Agents LBA - Licensed Buying Agents N.A. - Native Authority W.W. I - WORLD War One W.W. II - WORLD War Two D.D.R. - Deport Delivery Receipt U.A.C. John Holt - United Africa Company C.F.A.O. - Compagnie Francaise d‟Afrioque Occidentale E.C.G.C. - Empire Cotton Growing Corporation D.O. - District Officer A.D.O. - Assistant District Officer A.B.U. - Ahmadu Bello University NEPU - Northern Elements Progressive Union SCOA - Society Commerciale de l‟Quest Africain SNP - Secretariat of Northern provinces KATPROF - Katsina provincial File KADMIN Agric - Kaduna Ministry of Agriculture WAFF - West African Frontier Force P.Z. - Patesson Zochonis NAK - National Archives Kaduna R.N.C. - Royal Niger Company Sokprof - Sokoto Province File vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page - - - i Declaration - - - ii Certification - - - iii Dedication - - - iv Acknowledgement - - - v Abbreviations - - - vi Table of Content - - - vii -ix List of Tables and Map - - x – xi Notes on Sources - - - xii – xvi Abstract - - - xvii - xxix Introduction - - - xvii- xxix Chapter One: Land and People in Galadima District on the Eve of Colonial Occupation 1.0 Introduction - - - 1 1.1 Location and Boundaries - - 1 - 3 1.2 The Land and Climate - - 4 - 14 1.3 Population and Settlement Pattern in Galadima area 14 – 15 1.3.1 The Hausa - - - 15 - 16 1.3.2 The Fulani - - - 16 - 17 1.3.3 Settlement Pattern - - 17 - 23 1.4 The Administrative Structure of Galadima Area - 24 – 32 The Economy of Galadima District – Pre-colonial Period vii 1.5 Agriculture - - - 32 - 37 1.6 Labour in Pre-colonial Period - - 37 - 41 1.7 The Land Tenure System - - 41 - 43 1.8 Pastoralism - - 43 - 46 1.9 Commerce - - - 46 - 49 1.10 Local Crafts Industries - - 50-52 1.11 Conclusion - - - 52 - Chapter Two: British Occupation of Katsina Emirate 2.0 Introduction - - 53 2.1 The Establishment of Native Administration in Katsina Emirate 53 - 56 2.2 The Institution of the Police, Courts and Prisons in Galadima District 56 - 60 2.3 The Police - - - 54 – 58 2.4 The Native Courts - - 60 – 63 2.5 The Prisons - - - 63 - 65 2.6 Territorial Re-organization - - 65 - 81 2.7 Conclusion - - - 81 - 82 Chapter Three: British Colonial Policies on Agriculture, 1903 - 1929 3.0 Introduction - - - 83 3.1 Land Policy - - - 83 - 86 3.2 Labour Policy - - 86– 102 3.3 The General Impacts of Colonial Forced Labour - 102-106 3.4 Taxation - - - 106-119 New Farming Scheme and Techniques viii 3.5 Introduction of Farming Scheme - 109-128 3.6 Introduction of New Farming Inputs – Fertilizer, Chemicals, etc. 128-132 3.7 Conclusion - - - 132 Chapter Four: Impact of Colonial Policies on Cultivation and Marketing of Export Crops 4.0 Introduction - - - 133 4.1 Cotton Production - - 133-143 4.2 Groundnut Production - - 143-152 4.3 Livestock Production - - 152-156 4.4 Marketting of Agricultural Produce - 157-173 4.5 Conclusion - - - 173-174 Chapter Five: Impact of British Agricultural Policies on Food Production and other Economic Activities 5.0 Introduction - - - 175- 5.1 Food Crops Production - - 176-181 5.2 Commerce, Crafts and Industry - 181-184 5.3 Pastoralism - - - 184-186 5.4 Conclusion - - - 186-190 Bibliography - - - 190-192 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Th name of rivers in Galadima district and their location Table 2.1 List of district heads in Galadima district 1808-1960 Table 2.2 A list of districts and village units in the 1930s in Katsina Emirate Table 2.3 List of village head and hamlets under their control in Galasdima District c.1940 Table 3.1 Forced Labour in Galadima District – November 1939 Table 3.2 The Motorable Roads in Katsina Emirate by 1921 Table 3.3 Gold Production, (in 02 Troy) in Katsina Emirate from 1936 to 1943 Table 3.4 A Death Rate analyses by the provinces October 1942 – December 1943 Table 3.5 Millet and Sorghum Requisition 1942-1943 (Tons) from Northern Provinces Table 3.6 Galadima District: Names of Village Heads and Monthly Salaries showing dismissals of chiefs who embezzled Taxes Table 4.1 Malumfashi and Funtua Ginneries of Evacuation and Cotton Markets Table 4.2 Figures for the BCGA Cotton Buying Stations 1926/1927 Table 4.3 Cotton Purchased by markets Nov. – Dec. 1925 Table 4.4 BCGA Ginneries in Northern Nigeria Including Malumfashi (Galadima District) Table 4.5 Export of Cotton from Southern Katsina and Northern Katsina in Bales of 400 LBS Table 4.6 Purchase of Groundnut for 1948/49 Season in Tons Table 4.7 Records of Animals Slaughtered on Weekly Market Days in September 1928 in Katsina Emirate Table 4.8 The 1949/50 Cotton Purchase Season in (Tons) and Allocation Stalls to European Companies x Table 4.9 List of Cotton Markets in Galadima District Based on Grades 1949/50 Season Table 4.10 Cotton Prices Differences Between what was offered to farmers in Galadima District and its Equivalent Price in the world Market Table 4.11 Purchases of Cotton in Tons in the Markets of Galadima District 1946-1956 Table 4.12 Purchased Cotton Grade I LIST OF MAPS A MAP of Katsina Province showing the districts. A Map of Galadima District showing major Towns and Rivers xi NOTES ON SOURCES All the information‟s gathered to construct the writing of this thesis are from two categories of sources namely, primary and secondary sources. The primary sources included archival materials, journals and oral interviews with actual participants or witnesses of event under study, the colonial period that ended in 1960. The secondary sources are mainly unpublished thesis and published textbooks, journals and seminar papers on colonialism written by mostly prominent historians. They also include travelers accounts. The Secondary Sources Published Textbooks These are written textbooks, journals and papers presented at important seminars on issues related to our topic colonialism and its impacts on the socio-economic aspects of the colonized societies from which we deduced the impacts on agriculture that concerns our study. Although there were just few literatures the researcher came across that discussed colonialism particularly on Katsina Emirate and especially Galadima district but many books touched on the subject and provided useful informations. There were also valuable papers presented on colonial agriculture which delved deep into the impacts but the major problem of these books was that only generalizations were made and little mention of Galadima district. Most of the textbooks also restricted to periods that did not tally with our periodization. Unpublished Materials These are thesis written by academicians mostly submitted to the History departments on related issues of colonialism and impacts on economy, agriculture and xii culture of various colonized communities like Galadima district or the surrounding districts in Katsina Emirate.