Anthology of Peace and Security Studies 1 Anthology of Peace and Studies Security Volume IV December 2013 Institute for Peace and Security Studies in Collaboration with Friedrich Ebert Stiftung 2 Anthology of Peace and Security Studies Anthology of Peace and Security Studies 3 Anthology of Peace and Studies Security Volume IV December 2013 Institute for Peace and Security Studies in Collabora- tion with Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 4 Anthology of Peace and Security Studies Anthology of Peace and Security Studies 5 Tables of Contents Preface, by Arne Schildberg Introduction, by Mulugeta Gebrehiwot Berhe SECTION 1___________________________________ Title Amare Kenaw Abstract List of Acronyms 1. CHAPTER ONE 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Background of the Study 3 1.3 Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks 4 1.3.1 Conceptual Issues 5 1.3.1.1 Defining Ethnicity and Ethnic Group 6 1.3.1.2 Inter- Ethnic Conflict 7 1.3.1.3 Conflict Transformation 8 1.3.2 Theoretical Considerations on Ethnicity and Ethnic group 9 1.3.2.1 The Primordial Approach 10 1.3.2.2 Instrumentalist Approach 11 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form 1.3.2.3 Constructivist Approach 12 or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by 1.3.3 Theoretical Considerations on Conflict Transformation 13 any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Institute for Peace and Security Studies (IPSS), Addis Ababa University and 1.4 Review of Related Empirical Studies in Ethiopia 14 Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) 1.4.1 Inter-Ethnic Conflict in Ethiopia 15 2. CHAPTER TWO 16 2.1 Geography of the Region and Administrative Set Ups 17 2.2 Demography and Ethnic Composition 18 6 Anthology of Peace and Security Studies Anthology of Peace and Security Studies 7 2.3 A Brief Historical Survey of the Bertha and 4. CHAPTER FOUR 46 Settler in Asossa Woreda 19 4.1 Conclusions and Recommendations 47 2.3.1 The Berthas: Historical Overview 19 5. References 48 2.3.2 The Settlers: A Historical Overview 20 3. CHAPTER THREE 3.1 The Nature of Relationship between Bertha and SECTION 2___________________________________ Settlers in Asossa Woreda 21 3.2 Causes of the Conflict 22 Title 3.2.1 Structural Conditions 23 Anteneh Alemu 3.2.1.1 Inappropriate Development Policies: Pre-1991 24 3.2.1.2 Economic Factors 25 Abstract 49 3.2.1.3 Political FactorS 26 List of Acronyms 50 3.2.2 Proximate Causes 27 1. CHAPTER ONE 51 3.2.2.1 Political/Ideological Differences 28 1.1. Introduction 52 3.2.2.2 Affirmative Action 29 1.2. Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 53 3.2.2.3 Spoilers 30 1.2.1. Theories and Concepts on Ethnic Conflict 54 3.3 The Transformation of Bertha-Settler 1.2.2. Conflict Transformation: Methodological Approaches 55 Conflict in Asossa 31 1.2.3. Ethnic-based Conflicts in Ethiopia 3.3.1 Actors in the Process of Inter-Ethnic 1.2.3.1. Overview of Causes and Characteristics of Conflict Transformation 32 Conflict in Ethiopia 56 3.3.1.1 National Actors 33 1.2.3.2. Dealing with Ethnic-based Conflicts in Ethiopia: 3.3.1.2 Regional Actors 34 Normative and Institutional Aspects 57 3.3.1.3 Woreda Level 35 3.3.1.4 Local/Kebele Level 36 2. CHAPTER TWO 3.3.1.5 Community Level Actors 37 2.1. Data Presentation and Analysis 58 3.4 Intervention Mechanisms used to Transform 2.1.1. Causes of the Conflict in the Study Area 59 Inter-Ethnic Conflict 38 2.1.1.1. Structural Causes of the Conflict 60 3.4.1 Appropriate Development Policies 39 2.1.1.2. Proximate Causes of the Conflict 61 3.4.2 Economic Policies 40 2.1.1.3. Triggering Causes of the Conflict 62 3.5 Outcomes of the Transformation Process 41 2.2. Dynamics of the Conflict 63 3.5.1 Success Stories and Manifestations 42 2.2.1. The Process of Conflict Formation and 3.5.1.1 Inter-Ethnic marriage 43 Reformation in the Study Area 64 3.5.1.2 Wedding and Mourning Ceremonies 44 2.2.2. Changes and Continuities in the Conflict 65 3.5.2 Some Failure Stories and manifestations 45 2.3. Conflict Transformation Practice in the Study Area 66 2.3.1. Resort to the Ideals of Conflict Transformation 67 8 Anthology of Peace and Security Studies Anthology of Peace and Security Studies 9 2.3.2. The Practice of Conflict Transformation 2.1.2. History, Demography and Ethnic Composition 89 in the Study Area 68 2.1.3. Means of Life and Livelihoods 90 2.3.3. The Role of Stakeholders in the Conflict 2.1.4. Socio-Cultural Practices and Traditional Institutions 91 Transformation Process 69 2.4. Challenges to the Conflict Transformation 3. CHAPTER THREE 92 Practice in the Study Area 70 3.1. Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation 93 3.1.1. History of Small Arms 94 3. CHAPTER THREE 3.1.2. Gun Ownership Amongst the Borena Community 95 3.1. Conclusion and Recommendations 71 3.1.2.1. Culture as Independent Variable 96 3.1.1. Conclusion 72 3.1.2.2. Self and Community Protection 97 3.1.2. Recommendations 73 3.1.2.3. Commercialized Cattle-rustling 98 4. References 74 3.1.2.4. Limited Presence of the State 99 3.1.3. Source and Transfer of Firearms 100 3.1.4. The Distribution of Firearms 101 3.1.5. Types of SALW in Borena 102 SECTION 3____________________________________ 3.1.6. The Effect of Small Arms 103 3.1.6.1. Fueling of Conflicts 104 Title 3.1.6.2. Underdevelopment 105 Enyew Abera 3.1.7. Control of Illicit Arms 106 Abstracts 75 4. CHPATER FOUR 107 List of Acronyms 76 4.1. Conclusion and Recommendation 108 1. CHAPTER ONE 77 4.1.1. Conclusion 109 1.1. Background of the Study 78 4.1.2. Recommendation 110 1.2. Literature Review 79 5. References 111 1.2.1. Meaning and Understanding of SALW 80 1.2.2. The Supply of SALWs 81 1.2.3. The Demand Side Approach to Firearms 82 SECTION 4_____________________________________ 1.2.4. Social, Political and Economic Cost of Small Arms 83 1.2.5. Debate on Gun Ownership and Control 84 Title 1.2.6. Gun Control Policy (Responses to the Problems of Firearms) 85 Eskinder Teferi 2. CHAPTER TWO 86 Abstract 112 2.1. Background of the Study Area 87 List of Acronyms 113 2.1.1. Physical Characteristics: Geography and Agro-ecology 88 10 Anthology of Peace and Security Studies Anthology of Peace and Security Studies 11 1. CHAPTER ONE 114 3.1.1.2.1 Administrative Structure, Leadership, 1.1 Introduction 115 and Membership 133 1.2 Review of Related Literature 116 3.1.1.2.2 Peace and Stability 1.2.1 Conceptual and Theoretical Issues 117 3.1.2 Gender as an Arch Over: Gender Relations 1.2.1.1 Sex” and “Gender” 118 and the Peace and Development Processes 1.2.1.2 “Culture” and “Gender” 119 in the Awra Amba Community 133 1.2.1.3 “Peace” and “Development” 120 3.1.2.1 Gender Relations in the Awra Amba Community 133 1.2.1.4 Gender, Peace and Development: Theoretical 3.1.2.2 The Contributions of Gender Insights and Conceptual Linkages 121 Relations to the Peace Process 133 1.2.2 Empirical Studies on Gender Equality, 3.1.2.3 The Role of Gender Relations in the Awra Amba Peace and Development 122 Community Development Endeavors 133 3.1.3 Cultural Values and Principles as a Panacea: 2. CHAPTER TWO 123 Other Contributing Factors to the Peace and 2.1 Research Methodology 124 Development Endeavors in the Community 133 2.1.1 Research Approach 125 3.1.3.1 Cultural Values, Beliefs and Principles 133 2.1.2 Description of the Study Area 126 3.1.3.2 The Economic System, Work Ethics 2.1.3 Study Site, Population and Sampling Techniques 127 and Good Governance 133 2.1.4 Methods of Data Collection 128 3.1.3.3 Education and Communication Media 133 2.1.4.1 Secondary Data Collection: Document Analysis 129 2.1.4.2 Primary Data Collection 130 4. CHAPTER FOUR 133 2.1.4.2.1 Interview 4.1 Summary and Conclusion 133 2.1.4.2.2 Non-Participant Observation 132 4.1.1 Summary of Major Findings of the Study 133 2.1.4.2.3 Focus Group Discussion 4.1.2 Conclusion 133 2.1.5 Data Analysis 133 5. References 133 3. CHAPTER THREE 3.1 Findings and Interpretations 133 SECTION 5_____________________________________ 3.1.1 Political, Socio-Economic and Cultural Features of the Awra Amba Community 133 3.1.1.1 Socio-Economic and Cultural Features 133 Title 3.1.1.1.1 Founding Philosophy and Basic Cultural Worku Tariku Values and Principles 133 3.1.1.1.2 Demographic Characteristics, Education, and Health 133 Abstract 133 3.1.1.1.3 Economic System, Sources of Income, List of Acronyms 133 and Income Distributions 133 1. CHAPTER ONE 133 3.1.1.2 Political Features 1.1 Introduction 133 12 Anthology of Peace and Security Studies Anthology of Peace and Security Studies 13 1.2 Background of the Study 133 Preface 1.3 Nexus between gender and peace 133 1.4 Feminist Theories 133 The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung is a German political foundation 1.5 International and National policy frame works 133 committed to the values of social democracy.