Annual Evaluation Report 2020 Trafficking and smuggling of human beings Behind closed doors Federal Migration Centre Annual Evaluation Report 2020 Trafficking and smuggling of human beings Behind closed doors 1 Table of contents Introduction �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 PART 1: FOCUS: EXPLOITATION OF DOMESTIC STAFF .......................................7 Chapter 1 Domestic work: legal framework ........................................................................................9 1 . Statuses...........................................................................................................................................................................9 1�1� | Domestic workers and household staff .............................................................................................................9 1�2� | Service cheques ..................................................................................................................................................10 1�3� | Au pairs ...............................................................................................................................................................10 1�4� | Diplomatic domestic staff ...................................................................................................................................11 22.. Abuse of domestic staff .............................................................................................................................................................13 3. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................................13 Chapter 2 Domestic work and human trafficking ...............................................................................14 1. Female domestic workers in private households .......................................................................................................... 14 2. Domestic staff working for diplomats .................................................................................................................................16 Chapter 3 Prevention of human trafficking in the domestic sector ..................................................9 1. Vulnerability of domestic staff and the importance of prevention ........................................................................19 2. Preventive measures for migrant workers .......................................................................................20 2�1� | Raising awareness among the general public �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������..........20 2�2� | Empowering domestic staff������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 2�3� | Control mechanisms aimed at preventing abuse ..................................................................23 2�4� | Role of trade unions in prevention .........������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 3. Prevention for diplomatic domestic staff ...........................................................................................................................27 3�1� | Roadmap for the employment of diplomatic domestic staff ................................................................................27 3�2� | Preventive measures aimed at diplomatic domestic staff abroad ..................................................................28 4. Recommendations.......................................................................................................29 EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTION: slavery behind the door - labour exploitation of domestic staff...........................30 PART 2: EVOLUTION OF THE PHENOMENA AND THE FIGHT AGAINST THE TRAFFICKING AND SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS .........................................33 Chapter 1 Recent developments in the legal and political framework .............................................34 1. Developments in the European legal and political framework.....................................................34 1�1� | Human trafficking ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������...............34 1�2� | Human smuggling ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35 2. Developments in the Belgian legal and political framework ......................................................36 2�1� | Trafficking and smuggling of human beings .......................................................................................................36 2�2� | Other measures.....................................................................................................................................................36 3. Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on human trafficking .......................................................................................................37 2 Table of contents EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTION: impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on labour exploitation ................................... 38 EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTION: is non-compliance with the measures to tackle the coronavirus an additional indicator of human trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation? ...................................................................42 EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTION: checks on (private) prostitution and human trafficking during the coronavirus �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 46 EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTION: exploitation and slavery, the dangers of the impact of the economic crisis ����� 50 CONCLUSION: coronavirus and human trafficking ....................................................................................................................52 Chapter 2 Case studies .......................................................................................................................54 1. Human trafficking .............................................................................................................54 1�1� | Sexual exploitation ..................................................................................................................................................54 Nigerian Mama Leather case ..................................................................................................................................54 1�2� | Labour exploitation.................................................................................................................................................60 Horticultural case....................................................................................................................................................60 2. Human smuggling.........................................................................................................................................................................62 Sechmet case...........................................................................................................................................................................62 Chapter 3 Case law overview 2019 - start 2020 ............................................................................68 1. Trends ............................................................................................................................................................................................68 2. Human trafficking .....................................................................................................................................................................69 2�1� | Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights.........................................................................................69 2�1�1� | European Court of Human Rights, judgment of the Grand Chamber, S�M� v� Croatia case, 25 June 2020.......................................................................................................... 69 2�1�2� | European Court of Human Rights, judgment T�I� and others v. Greece, 18 July 2019...................70 2�2� | Sexual exploitation ...................................................................................................................................71 2�2�1� | Nigerian networks ..............................................................................................................................................71 2�2�2� | Chinese private prostitution.................................................................................................................74 2�2�3� | Thai prostitution network .................................................................................................................................75 2�2�4� | Loverboy technique..............................................................................................................................76 2�2�5� | Forced and customary marriages.........................................................................................................79 2�3� | Labour exploitation...................................................................................................................................80