Casebook of Infrastructure Build Back Better from Natural Disasters Enhancing Rural Disaster Resilience through Effective Infrastructure Investment APEC Emergency Preparedness Working Group March 2018 APEC Project: EPWG 1 2016A Produced by Asian Disaster Reduction Center, ADRC Higashikan 5F, 1-5-2 Wakihamakaigan-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0073 Japan TEL: (81) 782625540 FAX: (81) 782625546 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.adrc.asia For Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel: (65) 68919 600 Fax: (65) 68919 690 Email: [email protected] Website: www.apec.org © [2018] APEC Secretariat APEC#218-EM-01.1. ISBN: 978-981-11-7391-2 2 Acknowledgements This casebook is the output of the APEC project “EPWG 01 2016 – Enhancing Rural Disaster Re- silience through Effective Infrastructure Investment”, co-sponsored by Viet Nam, Philippines, Chi- nese Taipei, USA and Japan. Special thanks are given to the six case economies, including the above mentioned co-sponsoring economies, as well as Indonesia and the APEC workshop participating economies, namely, Australia, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, and Peru. Case analyses were principally contributions made by Dr Kuo Chun-Chih, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, for Chinese Taipei; Dr Khaerun Nisa, Lecturer, Atma Jaya Yogyakarta University, for Indonesia; Mr Masami Suigura, Consultant, Asia Air Survey Co Ltd, for Japan; Dr Emmanuel M. Luna, Professor, College of Social Work and Com- munity Development, University of the Philippines, for Philippines; Dr Scott Gabriel Knowles, Inter- im Head, Department of History, Drexel University, for USA; and Dr Dang Thi Thanh Huyen, Pro- fessor, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, for Viet Nam. This casebook was elaborated and coordinated by Dr Yumi Shiomi, Researcher, ADRC, with the support and co-operation made by Dr Dang, and Mr Sugira for comparative analysis under the direction of Ms Kyoko KONDO, Executive director, ADRC, and Emergency Preparedness Working Group Co-chair 2015-2016. The casebook benefited from the overall guidance of Ms Kartika Handaruningrum, Program Direc- tor, and Ms Joyce Yong, Program Executive, APEC secretariat. Dr Tyson Vaughan, AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow, Institute for Water Resources (IWR), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (US- ACE), edited the final manuscript. ADRC would like to express sincere gratitude to all the economies and experts as well as the numerous other individuals and organizations that provided valuable input and contributions throughout the project period. 3 Enhancing Rural Disaster Resilience through Effective Infrastructure Investment Casebook of infrastructure Build Back Better From Natural Disasters TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 3 Contents 4 I Introduction 6 1 Background 6 2 Recovery from natural disasters as an opportunity for investment 7 3 Infrastructure and impacts of natural disasters 9 4 Learning from good practices of infrastructure BBB 18 II Good practices of infrastructure BBB in APEC economies 21 1 Transport infrastructure - towards upgrading connectivity 21 1.1 Quick recovery of road transport 21 1.1.1 Chinese Taipei: Typhoon Morakot and the No. 20 Provincial Road 21 1.1.2 Chinese Taipei: The 921 Earthquake and Shihwei bridge 24 1.1.3 USA: Hurricane Irene and federal highway infrastructure in the State of Vermont 26 1.1.4 Japan: The Great East Japan Earthquake and the immediate road networks clearance operation 29 1.2 Upgrading connectivity — wide area road networks 33 1.2.1 Philippines: Mt. Pinatubo eruption and alternative highways construction 33 Project 1: The Gapan-San Fernando-Olongapo Road 34 Project 2: The Subic–Tipo Expressway 35 Project 3 : The Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX) 35 1.2.2 Indonesia: The 2010 tsunami and earthquake and Trans-Mentawai road networks 38 1.2.3 Indonesia: Peat fires, smoke, and canal blocking in Meranti 42 1.2.4 Viet Nam: The 2015 flood and upgrading of Tan Lap communal roads 46 1.3 Recovery of ports, airports and other transport infrastructure 49 1.3.1 Indonesia: The Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami and the deep-water ports in the Nias islands 49 1.3.2 Philippines: The 7.2 Earthquake and Tubigon Port 52 1.3.3 USA: Hurricane Katrina and the port facilities of Gulfport, Mississippi 55 1.3.4 Japan: The Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake and the Port of Kobe: two decades of BBB trajectory 57 1.3.5 Philippines: Super Typhoon Haiyan and the Tacloban Airport 61 1.3.6 Japan: The Niigata-Chuetsu Earthquake and the shinkansen’s Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System (UrEDAS) 63 2 Water and waste management infrastructure 65 2.1 Viet Nam: Upgrading the sea dike system in western Ca Mau province 65 2.2 Viet Nam: Biological technology for the Thanh Mai stream embankment, Ban Phat village, Bac Kan province 67 2.3 Viet Nam: Sea dike erosion recovery in Hai Duong area, Huong Tra township, Thua Thien Hue province 69 2.4 Japan: The 1982 Nagasaki flood and bridges designated as cultural heritage 71 2.5 Chinese Taipei: The 921 earthquake and Shihgang Dam in Taichung County 73 2.6 Indonesia: The Indian Ocean Tsunami and waste management infrastructure 74 2.7 Philippines: Typhoon Uring and slit dams in Ormoc city 79 4 3 Village relocation 81 3.1 Chinese Taipei: Typhoon Morakot and Laiyi township relocation, Pintung county 81 3.2 USA: Kickapoo River Floods and the village of Gays Mills community and commercial infrastructure 82 3.3 Village relocation as an alternative for BBB 85 Column: Japan:The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake(1995): redevelopment of the affected urban areas (HAT Kobe),Japan 86 4 Lessons for infrastructure from innovative reconstruction of houses and buildings 88 4.1 Chinese Taipei: Typhoon Morakot and Dabang elementary school in Alishan township 88 4.2 Viet Nam: Flood-resilient housing in the central region 89 5 Policies, tools and technologies facilitating infrastructure BBB 92 5.1 Funding infrastructure recovery and BBB 92 5.1.1 Philippines: Infrastructure recovery scheme 92 5.1.2 Mexico: FONDEN 93 5.1.3 Peru: FONDES 93 5.1.4 Australia: NDRRA 96 5.1.5 Japan: Inter-ministerial fund for promoting emergency projects for DRR 97 5.1.6 Viet Nam 98 5.2 Infrastructure BBB and collaboration with the private sector 100 5.3 Technologies facilitating infrastructure recovery work 105 5.3.1 Japan: Unmanned construction technologies accelerating reconstruction of the Aso Bridge damaged by the Kumamoto Earthquake and Landslides in 2016 105 5.3.2 Japan:The Great East Japan Earthquake and installation of conveyer 107 Column: Communication satellites as ICT infrastructure supporting DRR and other diverse possibilities of infrastructure BBB for the future 107 Column: Tokai heavy rain in 2000 and data centers, a 21st century infrastructure 109 III Challenges and ways forward 110 1 Infrastructure BBB: Lessons learnt 110 2 Challenges of infrastructure BBB 113 3 Ways forward 114 5 I Introduction APEC economies, located on the Pacific Ring of Fire and repeatedly struck by natural disasters, have committed themselves to supporting growth through sustainable and resilient infrastructure development by encouraging investment in quality infrastructure and enhancing better connectiv- ity between urban and rural areas. Critical infrastructure resiliency is one of the key areas in the APEC Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Framework adopted by APEC leaders in 2015. The frame- work facilitates collective efforts to build adaptive and disaster-resilient economies in the face of a “new normal” of increasing disaster risks due to social and environmental changes such as climate change and rapid urbanization. Additionally, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 stressed the importance of ensuring the resilience of new and existing critical infra- structure to enhance disaster preparedness for effective response, urging economies to “Build Back Better” in post-disaster recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. This casebook is the output of the APEC project “Enhancing Rural Disaster Resilience through Effective Infrastructure Investment (EPWG 01 2016),” aimed at facilitating quality infrastructure in- vestment at the Build Back Better (BBB) stage. Focus is placed on non-metropolitan areas, includ- ing small and middle-sized cities, and rural areas facing growing demands for important infrastruc- ture investments in the coming decades. APEC project components •Identify the best practices and challenges of rural infrastructure BBB. •Organize an APEC workshop to examine and explore the good practices. •Compile a casebook for promoting effective and resilient infrastructure investment. The casebook compiles knowledge from three sources: first, case studies from six APEC econo- mies, including Chinese Taipei, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, USA and Viet Nam; second, discussions from the APEC workshop held on 17 September 2017 back to back with the Senior Disaster Man- agement Officials Forum, SDMOF in Vinh City, Viet Nam; and third, additional inputs from many other economies. 1 Background Quality infrastructure investment towards upgrading connectivity Many APEC economies in the midst of economic growth and urbanization face an increasing de- mand for infrastructure investment. In order to foster regional and sub-regional connectivity, APEC leaders have reaffirmed the Da Nang Declaration, November 20171, the commitment to build a seamless and comprehensively connected and integrated APEC region by 2025 by reiterating