St. Cloud State University theRepository at St. Cloud State Culminating Projects in Cultural Resource Department of Anthropology Management 5-2017 Lithic Analysis at the JJ Site: USFS #09-09-05-949, Lake County, Minnesota Cassandra Vogt St. Cloud State University Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/crm_etds Recommended Citation Vogt, Cassandra, "Lithic Analysis at the JJ Site: USFS #09-09-05-949, Lake County, Minnesota" (2017). Culminating Projects in Cultural Resource Management. 14. https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/crm_etds/14 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology at theRepository at St. Cloud State. It has been accepted for inclusion in Culminating Projects in Cultural Resource Management by an authorized administrator of theRepository at St. Cloud State. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lithic Analysis at the JJ Site: USFS #09-09-05-949, Lake County, Minnesota by Cassandra Vogt A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of St. Cloud State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Cultural Resources Management Archaeology May, 2017 Thesis Committee: Dr. Mark Muñiz Dr. Robbie Mann Dr. Debra Gold 2 Abstract Knife Lake and Knife Lake Siltstone have long been associated with Minnesota’s Paleoindian tradition, until OSL dates revealed Early Archaic, Middle Archaic, and Middle Woodland occupations at the JJ site. This thesis reviews the results of the OSL dates, and then uses lithic and statistical analysis to aid interpretations of multiple cultural occupations at the JJ site, specifically through the lens of technological change. Adding data to the use of Knife Lake Siltstone during the Woodland tradition can add to the understanding of how and when this material was used through time. 3 Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been successful without a few people. I’m grateful to Mark Muñiz for the consistent encouragement, hours spent talking about statistics, and for always being willing to help me figure out how to figure out what I need to know; Rob Mann for teaching me how to dig in the dirt and always pushing me to think more deeply; Debra Gold for always leading by example and her willingness to be a part of this project; Amy Nelson, Bob Danielson, Harlan LaFontaine, and the Superior National Forest for making the September 2014 trip possible; and finally, I’m also appreciative to my friends and family, especially Mike and Jane Vogt. 4 Table of Contents Page List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. 7 List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................. 17 Research Design ........................................................................................................................ 17 Chapter 2: Culture History ........................................................................................................ 21 Minnesota’s Middle Woodland ................................................................................................. 21 The Laurel Complex.................................................................................................................. 27 Woodland Sites on Knife Lake ................................................................................................. 40 Chapter 3: Knife Lake ................................................................................................................ 49 Site Summary ............................................................................................................................ 49 Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Dating .................................................................. 49 Knife Lake and Knife Lake Siltstone ........................................................................................ 50 The JJ Site ................................................................................................................................. 54 Chapter 4. Literature Review .................................................................................................... 60 Technological Organization ...................................................................................................... 60 Attribute Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 5: Methodology............................................................................................................. 67 Debitage .................................................................................................................................... 67 Tools .......................................................................................................................................... 70 Statistics Methods ..................................................................................................................... 74 5 Sampling Strategy ..................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 6: Results....................................................................................................................... 80 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................................................... 80 ANOVA for Flake Attributes at JJ ............................................................................................ 81 Flat vs. Faceted Flake Platforms ............................................................................................... 97 Abraded Platforms................................................................................................................... 101 Platform Metrics ...................................................................................................................... 102 Termination Types .................................................................................................................. 105 Cortex Cover ........................................................................................................................... 110 Raw Materials ......................................................................................................................... 116 Chi-Square Testing for Grain Size .......................................................................................... 118 Cores........................................................................................................................................ 122 Bifaces ..................................................................................................................................... 128 Attributes of Blades at JJ ......................................................................................................... 133 Middle Woodland and Middle Archaic Blades at JJ ............................................................... 144 JJ and Lillian Joyce Blades ..................................................................................................... 148 t-test for Blades for Dorsal Flake Scar Count and Curve Index.............................................. 152 Chapter 7. Discussion and Conclusions .................................................................................. 155 Flake Attributes at JJ ............................................................................................................... 155 Flake Platforms at JJ ............................................................................................................... 156 Termination Type at JJ ............................................................................................................ 158 Cortex Cover at JJ ................................................................................................................... 159 Raw Materials at JJ ................................................................................................................. 159 6 Grain Size at JJ ........................................................................................................................ 160 Debitage Retouch and Refitting .............................................................................................. 161 Cores at JJ................................................................................................................................ 162 Bifaces at JJ ............................................................................................................................. 162 Blades at JJ .............................................................................................................................. 163 Middle Woodland and Middle Archaic Blades at JJ ............................................................... 165 JJ and Lillian Joyce Blades ..................................................................................................... 166 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 167 References Cited.......................................................................................................................