Jossey-Bass Teacher Jossey-Bass Teacher provides educators with practical knowledge and tools to create a posi- tive and lifelong impact on student learning. We offer classroom-tested and research-based teaching resources for a variety of grade levels and subject areas. Whether you are an aspir- ing, new, or veteran teacher, we want to help you make every teaching day your best. From ready-to-use classroom activities to the latest teaching framework, our value- packed books provide insightful, practical, and comprehensive materials on the topics that matter most to K–12 teachers. We hope to become your trusted source for the best ideas from the most experienced and respected experts in the field. The ESL/ELL Teacher’s BOOK OF LISTS Second Edition JACQUELINE E. KRESS, ED.D. C opyright © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741—www.josseybass.com No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201-748-6011, fax 201-748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Permission is given for individual classroom teachers to reproduce the pages and illustrations for classroom use. Reproduction of these materials for an entire school system is strictly forbidden. Readers should be aware that Internet Web sites offered as citations and/or sources for further information may have changed or disappeared between the time this was written and when it is read. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Jossey-Bass books and products are available through most bookstores. To contact Jossey-Bass directly call our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-956-7739, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3986, or fax 317-572-4002. Jossey-Bass also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. ISBN: 978-0-470-222-676 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kress, Jacqueline E. [ESL teacher’s book of lists] The ESL : ELL teacher’s book of lists / Jacqueline E. Kress.—2nd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed of: The ESL teacher’s book of lists. 1st ed. 1993. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-470-22267-6 (pbk.) 1. English language—Study and teaching—Foreign speakers. 2. Lists.â. Title. PE1128.A2K74 2008 428.0071—dc22 2008036105 Printed in the United States of America SECOND EDITION PB Printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 About This Book his unique resource and teacher time-saver includes scores of helpful, practical lists that T may be reproduced for classroom use or referred to in the development of instructional materials and lessons for English Language Learners (ELLs). Written for general education teachers, specialists in English as a Second Language (ESL), special educators, English lan- guage arts instructors, reading and language tutors, and adult education instructors, this book was designed to help teachers reinforce and enhance the learning of grammar, vocab- ulary, pronunciation, and writing skills by ESL students of all ability levels. For easy use and quick access, the lists are organized into ten sections: “Getting Started,” “Core English,” “Pronunciation,” “Vocabulary Builders,” “Grammar,” “Content Area Words,” “Culture,” “Teaching,” “Assessment,” and “Helpful Resources and References.” Educators will find this book to be a ready source of good examples, key words, teachable content, and teaching ideas that might otherwise take many years and much effort to compile. Also, the resources section includes a comprehensive glossary of ESL and education terms to provide readers with an indispensable guide to the specialized language of ESL instruction. The Author Jacqueline E. Kress is dean and professor of education at Georgian Court University in Lakewood, New Jersey, where she works with college and school faculty to prepare class- room teachers, ESL teachers, reading specialists, special education teachers, school coun- selors, and school administrators. Prior to her tenure at Georgian Court she served as dean at New York Institute of Technology and at Fordham University. She earned a doctorate in Reading from Rutgers University, where she was honored with the Evelyn Headley Award for her research in children’s reading comprehension. Before becoming a dean, Kress taught reading skills and methods courses at colleges in New York and New Jersey. She also worked with native and nonnative speakers of English as a language arts classroom teacher and reading specialist in urban schools in New Jersey. Kress’s work on behalf of at-risk students has resulted in the development of numerous education programs to improve literacy and school achievement. She is also recognized for her work in assessment and accreditation. She is coauthor of The Reading Teacher’s Book of Lists (Fifth Edition, Jossey-Bass, 2006) and The Readability Machine (Prentice Hall, 1986). v Contents About This Book v The Author v Preface to the Second Edition xiii Section 1 Getting Started 1 List 1.1. Tips for Teaching ESL/ELLs 1 List 1.2. Teaching Taxonomy for Beginning ELLs 3 List 1.3. One Hundred Ways to Praise 10 List 1.4. Meeting and Greeting 12 List 1.5. Realia and Manipulatives 15 List 1.6. Predictable School Routines 16 List 1.7. Active Response Activities 18 List 1.8. Active Response Cards 20 List 1.9. Class and School Vocabulary 25 List 1.10. ESL/ELL Students’ Language Background 28 vii viii Contents Section 2 Core English 29 List 2.1. Five Hundred Most Frequently Used English Words 29 List 2.2. Fluency Practice for Most Frequently Used Words 33 List 2.3. Calendar Words 37 List 2.4. Number Words 39 List 2.5. Weather Words 41 List 2.6. Color Words 42 List 2.7. Time Words 43 List 2.8. Health Words 45 List 2.9. Family and Relationship Words 49 List 2.10. Money Words 52 List 2.11. Practice Checks 54 List 2.12. Safety Words 55 List 2.13. Transportation and Travel Words 57 List 2.14. Traffic Signs 59 List 2.15. Application and Form Words 61 Section 3 Pronunciation 63 List 3.1. Speech Sound Production 63 List 3.2. Consonant Production Chart 65 List 3.3. Vowel Production Chart 68 List 3.4. English Sounds Not Used in Other Languages 69 List 3.5. Problem English Sounds for ESL/ELL Students 70 List 3.6. Problem English Contrasts for ESL/ELL Students 71 List 3.7. Practice for Phonemes in the Initial Position 72 List 3.8. Practice for Phonemes in the Medial Position 77 List 3.9. Practice for Phonemes in the Final Position 81 List 3.10. Practice for Beginning and End Clusters 84 List 3.11. Practice for Problem Sounds and Contrasts 86 Contents ix List 3.12. Phonetic Alphabet and English Spellings 91 List 3.13. Stress and Intonation Patterns in Words 93 List 3.14. Stress and Intonation Patterns in Sentences 95 List 3.15. Tongue Twisters 97 Section 4 Vocabulary Builders 101 List 4.1. Synonyms 101 List 4.2. Antonyms 104 List 4.3. American Idioms 106 List 4.4. English-Spanish Cognates 112 List 4.5. English-French Cognates 119 List 4.6. English-German Cognates 123 List 4.7. Collocations 127 List 4.8. Nonreversible Pairs 129 List 4.9. Phrasal Verbs—Separable 130 List 4.10. Phrasal Verbs—Inseparable 135 List 4.11. Words with Multiple Meanings 137 List 4.12. Homophones 142 List 4.13. Homographs and Heteronyms 150 Section 5 Grammar 159 List 5.1. Basic Sentence Patterns 159 List 5.2. Q uestion and Answer Sentence Patterns 162 List 5.3 Negative Sentence Patterns 165 List 5.4. Active/Passive Sentence Patterns 166 List 5.5. The Parts of Speech 167 List 5.6. Verbs 170 List 5.7. Verb Conjugation 172 List 5.8. Sentence Patterns Using To Be 176 x Contents List 5.9. Subject-Verb Agreement 180 List 5.10. Time Agreement 182 List 5.11. Irregular Verb Forms 184 List 5.12. Contractions 188 List 5.13. Plurals 189 List 5.14. Pronouns 191 List 5.15. Possessive Forms 193 List 5.16. Adjectives 194 List 5.17. Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases 196 List 5.18. Articles 198 List 5.19. Conjunctions 199 List 5.20. Prepositions 200 List 5.21. Capitalization 201 List 5.22.