Selected EBM Resources Cochrane Database DARE, ACP Journal Club Database – provide reviews of meta analyses and systematic reviews Clinical Evidence (BMJ) Meta TRIP Database Analyses PubMed – For meta analyses, use “Meta‐Analysis” type of article limit – For systematic reviews: Use “Systematic Reviews” subset limit OR use the “Find Systematic Reviews” filter under Clinical Queries CINAHL – For systematic reviews: Use “Systematic Reviews” publication type limit OR use one of the Systematic “Reviews” options under the Clinical Queries limit Reviews PsycINFO – For systematic reviews: Use “Systematic Reviews” or Meta Analysis under the Methodology limit PubMed – Use the “Therapy ‐‐ Narrow” filter under Clinical Queries OR use the “Randomized Controlled Trial” type of article limit Randomized Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials Controlled ACP Journal Club Database – provides reviews of RCTs Trials TRIP Database CINAHL – Use one of the “Therapy” options under the Clinical Queries limit PsycINFO – Use “Empirical study” OR “Quantitative Study” under the Methodology limit PubMed – Append to your search query: AND cohort studies OR use the “Etiology” filter Cohort (Prospective) under Clinical Queries Studies CINAHL – Use one of the “Causation” options under the Clinical Queries limit PsycINFO – Use “Empirical study” OR “Quantitative Study” under the Methodology limit PubMed – Append to your search query: AND case‐control studies Case Control (Retrospective Cohort) CINAHL – Append to your search query: AND case control studies Studies PsycINFO – Use “Empirical study” OR “Quantitative Study” under the Methodology limit PubMed – Use the “Case Reports” type of article limit Case Studies / Case Series CINAHL – Use the “Case Study” publication type limit PsycINFO – Use “Clinical Case Study” under the Methodology limit Common Study Designs Study Designs Meta Analysis – a type of systematic review that combines the results using & EBM Scenarios accepted statistical methodology as if they were from one large study. Systematic Review – focuses on a specific clinical question and includes an extensive/explicit review of the literature to identify studies with sound methodology. Data extracted from the selected studies are combined (if Common EBM Question Types: possible), compared, and assessed. Conclusions are made based on results and/or the presence or absence of supporting evidence. Therapy – selecting treatments to offer individuals that do more good Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) – a prospective, analytical, experimental than harm and that are worth the efforts and costs of using them. study using primary data generated in the clinical environment. Individuals similar Prevention – reducing the chance of disease by identifying and modifying at the beginning are randomly allocated to two or more treatment groups and the risk factors and diagnosing disease early by screening. outcomes the groups are compared after sufficient follow‐up time. Diagnostic –selecting and interpreting diagnostic tests, in order to A study that shows the efficacy of a diagnostic test is a prospective, blind confirm or exclude a diagnosis, based on the tests’ precision, accuracy, comparison to a gold standard. This is a controlled trial that looks at individual safety, expense, etc. with varying degrees of an illness and applies two diagnostic tests to each individual: the test under investigation and the “gold standard” test. Harm/etiology – identifying causes and risk factors for disease. Cohort (Prospective, Incidence, Longitudinal, Follow‐up) Study –a Prognosis – estimating an individual’s likely clinical course over time and prospective, analytical, observational study of a population (or cohort) who had, anticipating potential complications. have or will have a specific exposure or treatment of interest . This outcome of this cohort is compared to the general population or another group that has not been effected by the exposure or treatment of interest. Cohort studies are susceptible to bias because the two groups may differ in ways beyond the Suggested Single Study Designs: variable in the study. Therapy Randomized Controlled Trials Case‐Control Study – a retrospective, analytical, observational study often based on secondary data in which individuals with a condition or outcome are Prevention Randomized Controlled Trials compared with individuals who do not, but have the same risk factor. Often using medical records or patient recall, researches look back in time to identify possible Diagnostic Prospective, blind comparison to a gold standard. exposures. y useful for rare conditions or for risk factors with long induction . Harm/etiology Cohort study However, due to the potential for many forms of bias in this study type, case control studies provide relatively weak empirical evidence even when properly Prognosis Cohort study (Follow‐up) executed. Case Series or Case Report – anecdotal evidence. A description of a single case (or several cases), typically describing the manifestations, clinical course, and prognosis of that case. Due to the wide range of natural biologic variability in Please note: Meta analyses and systematic reviews normally these aspects, a single case report provides little empirical evidence to the provide the best evidence for all question types, since they clinician. They do describe how others diagnosed and treated the condition and take into account a collection of studies on a specific topic. what the clinical outcome was. .