Y SURDEV: Surface Irrigation Software ILRI Publication 59 SURDEV: Surface Irrigation Software Design, Operation, and Evaluation of Basin, Border, and Furrow Irrigation M. Jurriëns t D. Zerihun J. Boonstra J. Feyen *A LT E R RA- I L R I International Institute for Land Reclamation and ImprovementhLRI, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2001 This book is published in the ILRI Publication Series. The main characteris- tic of this series is that the books are “practical” in the sense that they can be used in the day-to-day work of those professionals (mostly engineers) who are involved in irrigation and drainage. ILRI is a business unit of Alterra, Green World Research, a land and water organisation that operates under the larger auspices of the Wageningen University and Research Centre. The aims of ILRI are: To collect information on land reclamation and improvement from all over the world; To disseminate this knowledge through publications, courses, and consul- tancies; To contribute - by supplementary research- towards a better understand- ing of the land and water problems in developing countries. O International Institute for Land Reclamation and ImprovementALRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of ILRI. ISBN 90 70754 56 8 Printed in The Netherlands Preface The SURDEV computer package for surface irrigation is the result of years of co-operation between the Institute for Land and Water Management (ILWM) of the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, and the International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), .Wageningen, The Nether- lands. The SURDEV package consists of three software programs for surface irrigation: BASDEV for irrigation of basins; BORDEV for irrigation of bor- ders; and FURDEV for irrigation of furrows. These three programs are updated versions of earlier ones. BASDEV is the successor to versions 1 and 2 of BASCAD, the mathematical model for basin irrigation, which was developed at ILRI by Johannes Boonstra and Marinus Jurriëns and published as ILRI Publication 43. BORDEV and FURDEV are the updates of the BISDEV program for border irrigation and the FISDEV program for furrow irrigation, respectively. The early unpublished versions were written at ILWM by Dawit Zerihun, under Jan Feyen’s guidance with Mr Boonstra and Mr Jurriëns acting as advisors. BASDEV was upgraded at ILRI by Rob Kselik and FURDEV was upgrad- ed at ILWM by Mr Zerihun. BORDEV was the result of their collaborative work. The upgrading of all the programs took place under the guidance of Mr Jurriëns and Mr Boonstra, with Mr Feyen as advisor. The four authors are most grateful to Mr Kselik for his painstaking transcribing of myriads of their wishes for a user-friendly and consistent interface. Mr Jurriëns wrote the text for the SURDEV publication incorporating into it the comments from the co-authors, and input from Mr Boonstra for Chapters 5, 6 and 7, which are the user manuals for the three software pro- grams. The authors gratefully acknowledge the help of Mr Karel Lenselink of ILRI, whose contributions during the writing of the text were very useful. To our deep regret, Marinus (Rien) Jurriëns died on December 20th, 2000. Rien firmly believed that this publication could lead to improved design ana more efficient use of irrigation systems. We sincerely hope that this book will live up to his expectations. M. Jurriëns t D. Zerihun J. Boonstra J. Feyen Table of contents List of symbols xi 1 Introduction 1.1 The importance of surface irrigation 1.2 Expansion and negative effects 1.3 Basic principles 1.4 From mathematical models to computer programs 1.5 Summary 1.6 A note of caution 2 Methods, principles and models 7 2.1 Methods of surface irrigation 7 2.1.1 General 7 2.1.2 Level basins 8 2.1.3 Border strips 9 2.1.4 Graded furrows 10 2.1.5 A comparison 11 2.2 Principles of surface irrigation 12 2.2.1 Hydraulic phases 12 2.2.2 Process and purpose 13 2.2.3 Methods of operation 14 2.3 Computer applications in surface irrigation 16 2.3.1 Mathematical modelling 16 2.3.2 Computer programs 17 2.3.3 Design, operation and evaluation 18 3 Parameters and variables involved 21 3.1 Field parameters 21 3.1.1 Soil infiltration characteristics 21 3.1.2 Flow resistance 27 3.1.3 Required depth 28 3.1.4 Field slope and non-erosive velocity 28 3.1.5 Furrow spacing 29 3.1.6 Furrow geometry 29 3.2 Decision variables 30 3.2.1 Field dimensions 30 3.2.2 Flow rate 31 3.2.3 Cutoff time 32 3.2.4 Cutback ratio, advance time ratio and tailwater reuse ratio 32 3.3 Evaluation variables 33 3.3.1 Water layer depths 33 3.3.2 Adequacy 34 3.3.3 Efficiency 35 3.3.4 Uniformity 36 4 The SURDEV package 39 4.1 Hardware requirements and installation procedure 39 4.2 Menus, keyboard usage, and function keys 40 4.3 Calculation 41 4.3.1 Calculation modes 41 4.3.2 Input windows and data entry 43 4.3.3 Output and save 44 4.4 Files 46 4.4.1 Load 46 4.4.2 View 46 4.4.3 Print 47 4.5 Units 48 4.6 Miscellaneous 49 5 BASDEV user manual 51 5.1 Menu structure 51 5.1.1 Sub-menu files 51 5.1.2 Sub-menu units 51 5.1.3 Sub-menu infiltration 52 5.1.4 Sub-menu calculation 52 5.2 Input windows 54 5.2.1 Field parameters 54 5.2.2 Decision variables 56 5.2.3 Input ranges 56 5.3 Output window 57 5.4 Error messages 59 61 ' 5.5 Assumptions and limitations 5.6 Program usage 62 5.7 Sample problems 63 5.7.1 Determine basin dimensions 63 5.7.2 Determine flow rate 65 6 BORDEV user manual 67 6.1 Menu structure 67 6.1.1 Sub-menu files 67 6.1.2 Sub-menu operation 67 6.1.3 Sub-menu units 68 6.1.4 Sub-menu infiltration 68 6.1.5 Sub-menu calculation 68 6.2 Input windows 70 6.2.1 Field parameters 70 6.2.2 Decision variables 72 6.2.3 Input ranges 73 6.3 Output Windows 74 6.4 Error messages 76 6.5 Assumptions and limitations 77 6.6 Program usage 79 6.7 Sample problems 79 6.7.1 Fixed flow system 80 6.7.2 Cutback flow system 81 7 FURDEV user manual 85 7.1 Menu structure 85 7.1.1 Sub-menu files 85 7.1.2 Sub-menu operation 85 7.1.3 Sub-menu units 86 7.1.4 Sub-menu parameters 86 7.1.5 Sub-menu calculation 88 7.2 Input windows 89 7.2.1 Field parameters 90 7.2.2 Decision variables 93 7.2.3 Input ranges 94 7.3 Output windows 95 7.4 Error messages 97 7.5 Assumptions and limitations 99 7.6 Program usage 101 7.7 Sample problems 101 7.7.1 Determine furrow length 102 7.7.2 Determine flow rate 104 8 Program applications 107 8.1 Level-basin irrigation 107 8.1.1 Flow rate 107 8.1.2 Basin dimensions 109 8.1.3 Evaluation of an existing situation 112 8.2 Border irrigation 116 8.2.1 Flow rate 116 8.2.2 Border length 119 8.2.3 Combinations of border length and flow rate 122 8.2.4 Operational aspects 122 8.2.5 Evaluation of field slope on system performance 124 8.3 Furrow irrigation 125 8.3.1 Flow rate 125 8.3.2 Furrow length 128 8.3.3 Operational aspects 130 8.3.4 Evaluation of furrow spacing on system performance 132 References 135 Index 137 Appendix A: The BASDEV calculation model 143 Appendix B: Equations and solution algorithms for BORDEV and FURDEV 165 Currently available ILRI publications 193 List of symbols A Exponent of the power function in the Kostiakov-Lewis and the modified Kostiakov-Lewis infiltration function A Cross-sectional area of flow A Field area a Coefficient of the power function in the SCS infiltration function ATR Advance time ratio b Exponent of the power function in the SCS infiltration function CBR Cutback ratio c1, c2 Constants dependent on furrow geometry parameters C A constant in the SCS infiltration function D Depth of water Da Applied depth Dav Average infiltrated depth DdP Deep percolation depth Di Cumulative infiltrated depth Dmax Maximum infiltrated depth Dmin Minimum infiltrated depth Dover Average depth of over irrigation DPR Deep percolation ratio Dreq Required depth DS Average depth stored in the crop root zone Dsr Amount of surface runoff expressed in terms of depth per unit area of a border or a furrow DU Distribution uniformity Dunder Average depth of under irrigation Ea Application efficiency ES Storage efficiency f0 Coefficient of the linear term of the modified Kostiakov-Lewis infil- tration function I Infiltration rate IF Intake family k Coefficient of the Kostiakov-Lewis and the modified Kostiakov- Lewis infiltration function L Field length LQDU Low quarter distribution uniformity Lover Length of over-irrigation Lunder Length of under-irrigation N Number of measurement stations/calculation nodes n Manning’s roughness coefficient n Number of points along the length of a field Q Flow rate xi Cutback flow rate Inlet flow rate Unit flow rate Maximum non-erosive flow rate Hydraulic radius Bed slope Surface runoff ratio Infiltration opportunity time Advance time Cutoff time Depletion time Tailwater reuse ratio Recession time Infiltration opportunity time for a depth of 100 mm Uniformity coefficient Maximum non-erosive velocity Width of basin or border Furrow spacing xii 1 Introduction 1.1 The importance of surface irrigation Many countries depend on surface irrigation to grow crops for food and fibre.