Corso di Laurea in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate - International Relations Tesi di Laurea La questione corsa: identità ed integrazione nelle relazioni internazionali Relatore Ch. Prof. Antonio Trampus Correlatore Ch. Prof.ssa Cristina Minelle Laureanda Elena Menegati Matricola 831267 Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012 Indice – Abstract......................................................................................................................... 3 – Introduzione.................................................................................................................. 8 1. Storia dell'isola di Corsica............................................................................... 12 1.1 Insularità corsa.............................................................................................. 13 1.2 Il dominio pisano.......................................................................................... 21 1.3 Gli Aragonesi e la dominazione genovese.................................................... 22 1.4 La prima conquista francese......................................................................... 25 1.5 La rivolta del 1729 contro Genova............................................................... 27 1.6 Il primo coinvolgimento francese sull'isola.................................................. 31 1.7 Pasquale Paoli e il progetto di costituzione corsa......................................... 35 1.8 Lo statuto speciale della Corsica.................................................................. 43 2. Le relazioni tra Corsica e Francia................................................................... 51 2.1 I rapporti economici tra la Corsica e la nazione francese............................. 54 2.2 La violenza come strumento di ribellione.................................................... 64 2.3 Il rapporto Mauroy e la decentralizzazione.................................................. 69 2.4 Resistenza corsa e rifiuto dello Stato............................................................ 71 2.5 Nicolas Sarkozy e la Corsica........................................................................ 73 2.6 La lingua corsa in Francia............................................................................ 75 2.7 I rapporti tra Francia e mafia corsa............................................................... 77 2.8 Prospettive future per l'isola......................................................................... 79 3. Le relazioni tra Corsica e Italia....................................................................... 83 3.1 L'influenza pisana in Corsica........................................................................ 85 3.2 Le relazioni con la Repubblica di Genova.................................................... 87 3.3 Il fenomeno immigratorio ed emigratorio italiano in Corsica...................... 91 3.4 La nascita dei movimenti autonomisti.......................................................... 97 3.5 L'influenza linguistica dell'italiano in Corsica........................................... 104 3.6 L'economia tra Corsica e Italia................................................................... 109 3.7 Progetti di collaborazione tra Italia e Corsica............................................. 112 4. Un approccio europeo al caso Corsica.......................................................... 122 1 4.1 Il Documento Unico di Programmazione per la Corsica............................ 124 4.2 I primi programmi europei per la Corsica: 1990 – 2000............................ 128 4.3 Ulteriori programmi europei per la Corsica: 2007 – 2013......................... 134 4.4 Dibattiti, interviste ed eventi...................................................................... 139 – Conclusioni............................................................................................................... 143 – Bibliografia............................................................................................................... 147 – Sitografia.................................................................................................................. 150 2 Abstract Corsica represents one of the main islands in the Mediterranean Sea: its strategic position, between Italy and France, allowed the island to become a relevant destination for many ship traffics and trade routes over the years. This thesis deals with the analysis of an historical, cultural and social view of the island of Corsica in order to explain the main steps that brought the Corsican people claiming their own identity and integration in the regional, national and European contest. Starting from the study of the origins of the Corsican question, this thesis reports a detailed presentation of the island, by evidencing the historic events, the strong dependence on the French nation, the strict connection with Italy and its role in the European and international setting. The island of Corsica, even if sometimes represents a difficult topic to face because of its peculiar geographic and cultural features, is an interesting reality to study in depth, thanks to its history full of events, not only historical but also more recent, that are selected and explained during the pages of this thesis. The work is organised in four chapters. The first one presents an historical outline of the main events that characterised Corsica during its centuries of foreign rules. The analysis begins mentioning the concept of insularity and the meaning of some important terms, like nation, nationalism and people, related to the specific case of Corsica. The feeling of belonging to a unique nation are inborn in the Corsican people, who have always fought for their wish of being an independent and strong reality; in fact, the determined resolution of the Corsican people has been shown through several episodes of pride, complete trust in Corsican values and cultural identity. Despite the strong and powerful temper of its people, the island of Corsica was forced to accept the constricting presence of foreign dominations: during the 11th century the Pope declared the supremacy and the Roman control on the entire island, before that the title of papal legate was given to an archbishop, born in Pisa, who asserted the authority of Pisa in Corsica. With the increase of the influence of Genoa as maritime republic, Pisa and Genoa started a fight for the supremacy of the island, resulted in the battle of 3 Meloria, in 1284. After the victory of Genoa, the Genoeses established an absolute control on the island until, in 1729, among the corsicans a violent revolution exploded against the Genoese rule, which aimed at obtaining more and more power and influence in Corsica. So, the Corsican revolution made history, since it represented the symbol of the strong dislike of an entire population against the Republic of Genoa. The nationalist feeling started growing in Corsica during this period and it became more and more shared by the corsicans with the arrival of Pasquale Paoli, the man who focused its actions to make Corsica a united and independent nation, with the project of arranging a Corsican constitution in order to infuse hope and awareness into the minds of the Corsican people. The outcomes of the constitution weren't so positive as he hoped, but he helped the population to engage on political and military basis, in particular in the course of the two World Wars. As the second chapter explained, in the middle of XVIII century, France expressed its expansionist targets in Corsica, by trying to move its rule forward and imposing its influence to the island; the Genoese Republic, exhausted by the revolution, in order to outcome the difficulty of governing a rebel country, decided to accept the French help. This decision signed the end of the Genoese rule and the beginning of the French supremacy in Corsica. Until 1960, Corsica wasn't considered a relevant area according to the French nation, since its economy was never self-sufficient and the social alienation caused a considerable external emigration, above all among young people. As from 1972, the island became officially the 22nd French region and in 1980 the institution of a University of Corsica and the agreement for a first special statute in 1982 assured to the island a more influential role in political and economic field. In the past, Corsica was subjected to several foreign colonizations and this fact encouraged the corsicans towards a violent inclination: the adoption of the violence happened with the aim of claiming the right to act and being recognized by French authorities, that in Corsica recorded in 1990 the highest crime rate in the whole France. The culture of resistance and rejection of the French State settled in the Corsican people as a consequence of the French plan of establishing a common and external authority: Corsica applied several means and knowledges in order to preserve its own tradition and 4 to prevent any national attempt at interfering with its own decisions. The Corsican language represents not only a means of communication among the population, but also a means for claiming a specific role in the society. However, the French language was soon imposed with the France rule on the island, even if the same fact didn't happen for the Corsican language: in fact, the French government has never undertaken a real politics of information and promotion of the Corsican language in France, by minimizing its use and excluding any linguistic influence from the judiciary,