Lecture #4 Wireless Network Convergence and Fixe d Mo bile Convergence Dr. Kun Yang University of Essex, Colchester, UK Thursday 19th March 2009 1 Agenda Network Convergence among Wireless Networks Network Convergence between Fixed and Mobile Networks Summary, Q&A 2 1 Wireless Access Networks There are many different types of wireless access networks. There will be no perfect wireless system in terms various factors such as mobility, capacity, coverage, and cost. Instead, these networks, each with its unique features, will co- exist. IEEE802.11a/b/g/n IEEE802.15.1 IEEE802.15.3a (Wireless LAN) (Bluetooth) (UWB) IEEE802.15.4 RF-tag (ZigBee) DVB-H IEEE802.15.4a (low-rate UWB) DVB-T Wireless Access Networks IEEE802.16-2004 Satellite (Fixed Wireless MAN) 3G Cellular (UMTS, CDMA2000, IEEE802.16e TD-SCDMA) (Mobile Wireless MAN) 2.5G (GPRS) 2G Cellular IEEE802.21 IEEE802.20 2.75G (EDGE) (GSM, etc) (MIH) (Mobile BWA) Technologies that enable users to seamlessly and easily use these networks are needed. 3 Wireless Mobile Internet – driven from mobile devices 2B cell phones vs. 500M Internet-connected PC in 2005 400M cell phones with Internet capability, rising rapidly Wireless devices will be more portable, more intelligent, more functional and with multi-radio access capacity. There is a historic shift from PC’s to mobile devices for Internet access. Mobile applications get more complicated. 4 2 Wireless Convergence: Loosely Coupled www.vysoo.com/images 5 Heterogeneous Wireless for e-Health @ UEssex “Always-on” lifeline using media-independent handover (MIH) across heterogeneous wireless networks (standardised within IEEE802.21) Video conferencing/VoIP to patient from home (also while mobile, but less practil!)tical!) GPS Sensors WiMAX Fall detector Storage Heart Monitor WiFi Router Blood Oxygen MIH GPRS Blood Glucose (802.21) Bluetooth (100m range) (100m Bluetooth HSDPA (3G) Processo Mobile r Linux low version LCD Monitor VoIP/Video power Ethernet (fixed broadband connection) Conference Camera, mic, speaker miniPC Media Independent Gateway (MIG) 6 3 By A. Bontozoglou MIG Software Implementation 7 UEssex Research Network Testbed Application and Service Manager Policy & Service Level Network Manager Agreement (SLA) Management Routing and Dynamic Network Resource Bandwidth Allocation Management Quality of Experience anagement (QoE) Monitoring Quality of Service (QoS) Monitoring Signalling ervice Layer ervice vice Resource vice r M S Application Layer Signalling Network Layer Signalling Se Campus Perimeter Campus Central (<10km) Outskirts Campus Voice Betrand Russell IP DPI DPI Wireless Video Backhaul (IPTV/VoD) 3G WiMAX WiMAX Storage Quays South Courts Ethernet WiFi cess Node cess Node 2-10Mbit/s Isolated WiFi Sports Car c c Future Broadband hot-spots Grounds Parks Access Traffic Fibre GPON Generator NG-SDH Optical Splitters Campus Fibre Network ONU Traffic Generator Ethernet A Multi-Service A Multi-Service WDM Internet Access Network Emulator Public IP Heterogeneous Access Technologies Multi-Layer Switching Nodes 8 address (Wired and Wireless) (Circuit and Packet-Switched) 4 iDorm – Digital Lifestyle Environments iDorm1 (development environment) Single student bed-sit (work, sleep etc) iSpace ( evaluation environment) • Test‐bed for ambient intelligent and pervasive computing in a domestic setting (Full sized 2 bedroom apartment) • Sensor, actuator, computer and network rich environment to enable open‐ended R&D • £250,000 in IT related aspects (+£100,000 energy equipment) • Capable of supporting evaluations with long‐term occupants 9 For further information, contact Prof Vic Callaghan ([email protected]) A Closely-coupled HWN: Motivation Current cellular systems are As a result, some cells limited in flexibilities in that could be congested cellular architectures are fixed because of temporary and bandwidth allocation events, such as traffic cannot dynamically adapt to accidents and sports instant network change. events. Proposal: introduce MANET over cellular networks to divert traffic . Existing work: iCAR: diversion station has only cellular interface UCAN: high-date rate, within a cell 10 5 Physical Characteristics of the HWN system MH2 Traffic Diversion Station #1 Mobile Host #1 TDS3 TDS2 Base Station #1 BS2 MH4 MH3 MH5 Cellular Interface Ad Hoc Interface BS: no change from the current UMTS BS TDS: with both cellular and ad hoc interfaces, deployed close to the borders of a cell MH: with only A-interface, C-interface, or both interfaces. 11 QoS: QoS Mapping Heterogeneous Wireless Network Home WLAN BS TDS IP Internet aDSL (RSVP/DiffServ/ Router AP Egress MPLS) Router Home Server (video) C-interface C-to-A A-to-C A-interface mapping mapping Wired HWN QoS Routing Internet QoS Routing interface EndtoendQoSEnd-to-end QoS K. Yang, et. al. “QoS-Aware Routing in Emerging Heterogeneous Wireless Networks”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Feb. 2007. Page(s): 74-80. 12 6 Adaptive Routing Start End Not needed in normal routing MHs initiates a request Transmit data from MHs but blocked using route r YES MHj releases channel; Is there a TDS next MH’ uses the channel; Source Selection to MHs? NO NO Destination Selection YES Is MH’ empty? Source Selection Procedure: Route discovery & find a MHj in the same cell as MHs selection Route Selection YES Procedure: r=r Is MHj empty? failure k NO NO MH’=MHs; YES MHs=MHj; Is R empty? Route Discovery Destination Selection Procedure: Procedure discover route 13 R={rk|k=1,..,|R|} Evaluation D D D D D C C C D D C B B C D D C B A B C D D C B B C D D C C C D The structure of a single cell D D D D The whole network enviroment 14 7 Further Integration with DVB Focus is on the DVB-H: Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld DVB Base Station network architecture and its service-driven • Three types of nets • Unicast+broadcast adaptation and mngt. • Uplink for DVB via cellular net. MH9 MH2 Cellular MH5 Cell DVB MH1 Cell MH4 Base Station #1 BS2 MH8 MH6 MH3 MH7 Cellular Interface DVB-H Downlik Ad Hoc Interface It utilizes a policy-based mngt (PBM) approach in combination with fuzzy control theory, aiming to maximize the 15 overall effectiveness, flexibility, and robustness of the network. Overall architecture U W D Service Gateway WLAN overlays UMTS. UMTS and DVB-H networks operate separately but connected via a pair of signalling gateways. UWD Service Gateway monitors the UWD network status and conducts network selection and configuration to satisfy user-perceived services. K. Yang, et al. “A Flexible QoS-aware Service Gateway for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks”, IEEE Networks, March 2007. Page(s): 6-12. 16 8 Operations MH UMTS BS UWD Service Gateway WLAN DVB-H BS (1) Service request (2) QoS not satisfied, invoke service gateway (2) QoS satisfied, request served by UMTS (3) Decision making (4a) Configure (4b) Configure WLAN (5a) service UMTS execution via UMTS (4c) Configure DVB-H (()5b) service execution via WLAN (5c) service execution via DVB-H How the three types of networks collaborate to fulfill a service as coordinated by the USG. 17 Network Environment D D D D DVB-H Base Station D C C C D D C B B C D D C B A B C D D C B B C D D C C C D The structure of a single cellular cell D D D D 18 9 Agenda Network Convergence among Wireless Networks Network Convergence between Fixed and Mobile Networks: EPON+WiMAX Summary, Q&A K. Yang, et al. “The Convergence of Ethernet PON and IEEE 802.16 Broadband Access Networks and its QoS-aware Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Scheme”, to appear in IEEE JSAC 19 Background IEEE 802.16 provides wireless broadband access with high bandwidth capacity, large network coverage, strong QoS support. But how to backhaul its traffic? -> EPON (Ethernet Passive Optical Network), a point-to-multipoint optical access network technology. The most popular EPON topology is tree-based architecture where transmission occurs between an optical line terminal (OLT) and multiple optical network units (ONUs). The OLT is usually connected to the core networks whereas each ONU locates at either curb (thus the so called fiber-to-the curb or FTTC), within a residential building (i.e., fiber-to-the-building or FTTB), or even to the home (i.e., fiber-to-the- home or FTTH). Of course, an ONU can be connected to an IEEE 802.16 base station (BS). 20 10 Illustration of an EPON Network Backhauling IEEE 802.16 Access Networks OLT ONU BS SS ONU 802.16 BS ... VOD Client SS Core 1:n ONU 802.16 BS OLT splitter ... SS SS VOD Server ONU Residential Building We assume that an EPON ONU is integrated with an 802.16 BS into a converged box called Virtual ONU-BS (VOB). We call it “virtual” because there is not such an integrated box physically. 21 Why this Convergence? Firstly, most 802.16 BSs are equipped with Ethernet interface as such can be easily connected to EPON. Secondly, both technologies share many similarities in terms of bandwidth request/allocation and QoS supporting mechanisms. Thirdly, EPON and 802.16 also complement each other in that the convergence of two has the potential to combine the bandwidth advantage of optical networks with the mobility feature of wireless communications. Furthermore, this integration enables the design of joint bandwidth allocation/reservation, connection admission control and transmission scheduling schemes. These collaborative schemes are more likely to provide a close-to-optimal solution to system’s overall resource management, including both wired optical resources and wireless radio resources. In return, a better support of end-to-end QoS guarantee and improvement of overall system performances such as throughput and delay can be expected. But how to design such schemes is still an open and challenging issue! We endeavor to make a first-step attempt towards this challenge by focusing on 22 bandwidth allocation.