Early Modern Iberian Ships Tentative Glossary Part 3 – Rigging Filipe Castro, Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé, Massimo Capulli, Maria João Santos, Ricardo Borrero, Horst Liebner, Nicolás Ciarlo 22 February 2018 GROPLAN Marie Curie EU Grant EU Horizon 2020 Industrial Research Project PITN-2013 GA607545 No. 727153 funded by ANR This glossary is intended for students of nautical archaeology around the world, and focuses mainly on European early modern ships. In this first volume we try to present the designations of ship’s spaces and fittings. This is a work in progress and we apologize for the mistakes and typos, and want to thank you in advance for comments and corrections. Country abbreviations: PT – Portugal SP – Spain CT – Catalonia FR – France IT – Italy UK – United Kingdom NL – Netherlands 2 Contents Rigging Masts and spars Tops Sails Sail parts Standing rigging Running rigging Belaying points Rigging arrangements One-masted ships Two-masted ships Three-masted ships Four-masted ships and over 3 Masts PT – Contramezena SP – Contramesana CT – FR – Bonaventure IT – UK – Bonaventure NL – Bonaventuramast, Jagermast PT – Mastro da mezena SP – Palo de mesana CT – PT – Gurupés FR – Mât d’artimon SP – Bauprés IT – Albero di mezzana CT – UK – Mizzen mast FR – Beaupré NL – Bezaansmast, Kruismast IT – Bompresso UK – Bowsprit PT – Traquete NL – Boegspriet SP – Trinquete CT – PT – Mastro grande FR – Mât de misaine SP – Palo mayor IT – Albero di trinchetto CT – UK – Foremast FR – Grand mât NL – Fokkemast IT – Albero di maestra UK – Main mast NL – Grote Mast Roteiro D. J. de Barros 4 Masts PT – Mezena SP – Mesana CT – FR – Bonaventure IT – Albero di mezzana UK – Bonaventure NL – Bezzansmst, Kruismast PT – Botaló SP – Botalón PT – Gurupés CT – SP – Bauprés FR – Arc-boutant CT – IT – Crocetta FR – Beaupré UK – Outrigger, Spreader IT – Bompresso NL – UK – Bowsprit NL – PT – Traquete SP – Trinquete CT – PT – Mastro grande FR – Mât de misaine SP – Palo mayor IT – Trinchetto CT – UK – Foremast FR – Grand mât NL – Fokkemast IT – Albero di maestra UK – Main mast NL – Grote Mast Lisuarte de Abreu 5 Mast PT – SP – CT – FR – Flèche IT – UK – Flagpole NL – Vlaggestock PT – Mastaréu de Joanete SP – CT – FR – Mât de perroquet IT – UK – Topgallant NL – Bramstend PT – Mastaréu da gávea SP – CT – FR – Mât de hûne IT – UK – Topmast NL – Marssteng PT – Mastro real SP – CT – FR – Bas-mât Late 16th century “Galleon” from Museo Naval (probably re-rigged in the 17th IT – Century). UK – Lower mast NL – (Fokke)mast(steng) 6 Lower Mast PT – Arreatadura SP – Anillos de delgas CT – FR – Cercle(s) / Clerclage IT – UK – Wooldings NL – PT – Gávia SP – Cofa de gavia PT – Pêga real CT – SP – Tamborete FR – Hune CT – IT – FR – Chouque UK – Mast top IT – NL – UK – Cap NL – Ezelshoofd Model Pictures from the Rijksmuseum7 Composite Mast PT – SP – Núcleo CT – FR – Mèche de mât PT – Aduelas IT – SP – Delgas HR – CT – UK – Core FR – Jumelles NL – IT – HR – UK – Staves NL – ? 8 Maststeps PT – Carlinga SP – Carlinga CT – FR – Emplanture IT – UK – Maststep NL – Mastspoor San Juan, 1565 9 PT – Calcez Lower Mast SP – Calcés CT – FR – IT – UK – PT – Curvatõe(s) NL – SP – CT – FR – Jottereaux IT – UK – Cheek(s) NL – (Zij)wangen PT – Vaus reais PT – SP – SP – CT – CT – FR – Élongi(s) FR – Traversin(s) IT – IT – UK – Trestletree(s) UK – Crosstree(s) NL – Langzaling(s) / hout (en) NL – Dwarszaling(s) / hout(en) Model Pictures from the Rijksmuseum10 Mast tops PT – Vaus reais PT – SP – SP – Cruceta CT – CT – FR – Traversin(s) FR – Élongi(s) IT – IT – UK – Trestletree(s) UK – Crosstree(s) NL – NL – Model Pictures from the Rijksmuseum11 PT – Mast tops SP – CT – FR – Élongi(s) IT – UK – Crosstree(s) NL – PT – Vaus reais SP – PT – CT – SP – FR – Traversin(s) CT – IT – FR – Plateforme/nacelle UK – Trestletree(s) IT – NL – UK – Top NL – Mars Model Pictures from the Rijksmuseum12 Mast tops PT – Cesto da Gávia SP – Cofa CT – FR – Nid de pie IT – UK – Crow’s nest/topcastle NL – Mastkorf; Kraaiennest; Mars (1) NL – Mastkorf (early: e.g., cogs; mostly round high dided, often from plaided willow); Kraaiennest (round, lower sided); Mars (from 17th century.; flat platform as on 13 previous page) 1535-70 Leiden View of Lisbon Yards PT – SP – PT – CT – SP – FR – Racage CT – IT – FR – Taquet(s) UK – Parrel IT – NL – Rak UK – Cleat(s) NL – Ranok PT – Verga PT – Lais da verga SP – Verga SP – Penoles CT – CT – FR – Vergue FR – Bout/bras IT – IT – UK – Yard UK – Yardarm NL – Ra NL – Ra-arm Model Pictures from the Rijksmuseum14 PT – Standing Rigging SP – Esteye(s) Forestays CT – FR – étai(s) IT – UK – Forestay(s) NL – Voorstag Duarte d’Armas, c. 150915 Standing Rigging Backstays PT – Brandais SP – CT – FR – Galhauban(s) IT – UK – Backstay(s) NL – Bakstag Duarte d’Armas, c. 150916 PT – Enxárcia Standing Rigging SP – Shrouds CT – FR – IT – UK – NL – PT – Oven(s) SP – Obenque(s) CT – FR – Hauban(s) IT – UK – Shroud(s) NL – Want(en) (fastened at mastheads); Pardoen (en) (to caps and above) PT – Enfrexate(s) SP – Flechaste(s) CT – FR – Enflècheture(s) IT – HR – UK – Ratline(s) NL – Breviário da Condessa de Bertiandos, c. 153517 Standing Rigging Futtock Shrouds PT – Arreigada(s) SP – Arraigada(s) CT – FR – Hauban(s) de revers IT – UK – Futtock Shroud(s) NL – Puttingwant Rijksmuseum models 18 PT – Mezena Sails SP – Vela de mesana CT – PT – Velacho FR – Voile d’artimon SP – Vela del trinquete, velacho de IT – trinquete UK – Mizzen sail CT – NL – Bezaan FR – Voile de misaine et petit hunier IT – UK – Foresail and Fore topsail NL – Fok; Voormarszeil PT – Cevadeira SP – Vela cebadera CT – PT – Vela grande, Papafigos and Gávea FR – Civadière grande IT – SP – Vela Mayor, Vela de gavia UK – Spritsail CT – NL – Blinde FR – Grande voile et grand hunier IT – UK – Mainsail, Main topsail NL – Groot; Grootmarszeil 19 3D Model: Audrey Wells Sails PT – Grande SP – PT – Mezena CT – SP – Mezana FR – Grande voile CT – IT – FR – Voile d’artimon UK – IT – NL – UK – NL – PT – Contra mezena SP – Contra mezana CT – FR – IT – UK – NL – Duarte d’Armas, C. 150920 Sails PT – Mezena SP – Mezana CT – PT – Grande FR – Voile d’artimon SP – Mayor IT – CT – UK – FR – NL – IT – UK – NL – , c. 1563 c. , Correia Gaspar PT – Contra mezena PT – Traquete SP – Contra mezana SP – Trinquete CT – CT – FR – FR – IT – IT – UK – UK – NL – NL – 21 Square Sail PT – Gávea SP – Mayor CT – FR – Hunier IT – UK – Topsail NL – Marszeil PT – Grande, Papafigos SP – Papahígo CT – FR – Grande voile IT – UK – Mainsail NL – Grootzeil PT – Moneta SP – Bonete CT – FR – Bonnette IT – UK – Bonnet NL – Bonnet Garcia de Palacio, 158722 Square Sail PT – Punho da escota SP – Puño, Puño de escota CT – FR – Cargue-point IT – UK – Clew NL – PT – Gurutil, Esteira, Testa SP – CT – FR – Envergure, chute, fond IT – UK – Head, Foot, Leech NL – Bovenlijk; Onderlijk; Lijk Garcia de Palacio, 158723 Gaff Sail PT – Vela de carangueja SP – Cangreja CT – FR – Voile à corne IT – UK – Gaff sail NL – Gaffelzeil Garcia de Palacio, 158724 PT - Punho da pena Gaff Sail SP - Puño de pena Gurutil Punho da boca Valuma Testa PT - Punho da amura SP - Puño de amura Esteira PT - Punho da escota SP - Puño de escota PT – Gurutil, Valuma, Esteira, Testa SP – , Baluma, CT – FR – Envergure, chute, fond IT – UK – Head, Leech, Foot NL – Boven; Onder; Achterlijk Garcia de Palacio, 158725 Lateen Sail Punho da pena PT – Vela latina SP – Vela latina CT – Vela Llatina Gurutil FR – Voile latine IT – Vela latina UK – Lateen sail NL – Latijnzeil Valuma Punho da amura Esteira Punho da escota PT – Gurutil, Valuma, Esteira, SP – , Baluma, CT – FR – Envergure, chute, fond IT – UK – Head, Leech, Foot NL – Boven; Achter; Onderlijk 26 Running Rigging Halyard PT – Adriça, Ostaga Halyards serve to hoist the yard. SP – CT – FR – Drisse IT – UK – Halyard, Halliard NL – Val Lisuarte de Abreu 27 Running Rigging Braces PT – Braço(s) SP – Braza(s) CT – FR – Bras Braces control the angle of the yards IT – with the ship longitudinal axis. UK – Brace(s) NL – Bras (sen) Lisuarte de Abreu 28 Running Rigging Lifts PT – Amantilho(s) SP – Amantillo(s) CT – FR – Balancine(s) Lifts control the angle of the yards with IT – the horizontal and absorb lateral stresses UK – Lift(s) when the ship lists. NL – Toppened(en) Lisuarte de Abreu 29 Running Rigging Lifts Lifts control the angle of the yards with PT – Amantilho(s) the horizontal and absorb lateral stresses SP – Amantillo(s) when the ship lists. CT – FR – Balancine(s) IT – UK – Lift(s) NL – Toppenend(en) Marcos Cerveira de Aguilar 30 Running Rigging Sheets PT – Escota SP – Escota CT – FR – Écoute IT – UK – Sheet Sheets pull the sail clews aft. NL – Schoot Lisuarte de Abreu 31 Running Rigging Tacks Escota Amura Tacks pull the sail clews foreword. PT – Amura SP – Amura CT – FR – Amure IT – UK – Tack NL – Hals B. Landstrom 32 Running Rigging Bowlines PT – Bolina(s) SP – Bolina(s) CT – FR – Bouline(s) IT – UK – Bowline(s) NL – Boelijn B. Landstrom 33 Running Rigging Clewlines PT – Estingue(s), Palanco(s) (on the mainsail) SP – CT – FR – Cargue-point IT – UK – Clewline(s) NL – B. Landstrom 34 Running Rigging Leechlines PT – Apaga(s) SP – Martinete(s) CT – FR – Cargue-bouline IT – UK – Leechline(s), Martinet(s) NL – B. Landstrom 35 Running Rigging Buntlines PT – Brióis SP – CT – FR – Cargue-fond IT – UK – Buntline(s) NL – Ophaler; Gording(en) all-model.com 36 Running Rigging Blocks PT – Sapata SP – CT – FR – Moque IT – UK – Heart NL – PT – Bigota SP – Vigota CT – FR – Cap de mouton IT – UK – Deadeye NL – Juffer Bandeira, 1896 37 Running Rigging Blocks PT – Moitão SP – Polea, Motón, Aparajeo CT – FR – Poulin