DRAFT TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: OCEAN-GOING VESSELS May 2018 This page is intentionally left blank Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................... ES-1 I. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF ASSESSMENT............................................ 1 A. Purpose of the Technology Assessment ............................................................ 1 B. Process .............................................................................................................. 2 C. Technology Assessment Elements .................................................................... 2 II. OVERVIEW OF OCEAN-GOING VESSELS, EMISSIONS, AND CONTROL PROGAMS………… ....................................................................................................... 3 A. Fleet Characteristics .......................................................................................... 3 B. OGV Engine Types ............................................................................................ 7 C. OGV Engine Manufacturers ............................................................................... 9 D. California Activity .............................................................................................. 10 E. Regulatory Setting ............................................................................................ 13 F. Emissions Summary ........................................................................................ 23 III. ASSESSMENT OF OCEAN-GOING VESSEL EMISSION REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES.......................................................................................................... 28 A. Alternative Fuels .............................................................................................. 28 B. Engine Technologies ........................................................................................ 43 C. Engine Support Technologies .......................................................................... 53 D. After-Treatment Technologies .......................................................................... 61 E. At-Berth Technologies ...................................................................................... 68 F. Alternative Supplemental Power ...................................................................... 72 G. Vessel Efficiency Improvements ...................................................................... 81 H. Marine Boilers ................................................................................................ 103 I. Significant Current Research Efforts .............................................................. 105 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................... 112 V. REFERENCES (By Section) ................................................................................... 1 APPENDIX A: ............................................................................................................. A-1 i Table of Contents (cont.) TABLES AND FIGURES Contents Tables Table II-1: Trends in Typical Size of Passenger Cruise Vessels ..................................... 4 Table II-2: Bulker Classifications ..................................................................................... 6 Table II-3: Tanker Classifications .................................................................................... 7 Table II-4: OGV Auxiliary Engine Manufacturers ............................................................. 9 Table II-5: OGV Main Engine Manufacturers ................................................................ 10 Table II-6: California’s Port Calls ................................................................................... 10 Table II-7: 2016 California Port Calls by Vessel Type ................................................... 12 Table II-8: New Engine NOx Emissions Limits Under IMO Annex VI ............................ 15 Table II-9: Fuel Requirements for Ocean-Going Vessels .............................................. 19 Table II-10: CARB’s Reduced On-board Power Generation Requirements .................. 21 Table II-11: 2016 OGV Emissions (Tons/Day) in California .......................................... 25 Table III-1: IMO NOx Standards .................................................................................... 38 Table III-2: GHG “Well to Propeller” Emissions (kg/mi) ................................................. 41 Table III-3: Estimated NOx Emission Reductions for Water Technologies ................... 58 Table III-4: Typical Hull Coatings Pros and Cons .......................................................... 82 Table III-5: Unconventional Propulsion Systems ........................................................... 87 Table III-6: 2014 OGV Emissions Breakdown...……….………………………………….104 Figures Figure ES-I: OGV Main Engine ....................................................................................... 1 Figure II-1: Container Vessel ........................................................................................... 3 Figure II-2: Cruise Vessel ................................................................................................ 4 Figure II-3: Ro-Ro Vessel ................................................................................................ 5 Figure II-4: Bulk Reefer Vessel ....................................................................................... 5 Figure II-5: Dry Bulk Vessel ............................................................................................. 6 Figure II-6: General Cargo Vessel ................................................................................... 6 Figure II-7: Tanker Vessel ............................................................................................... 7 Figure II-8: OGV Main Engine ......................................................................................... 7 Figure II-9: Three OGV Auxiliary Engines ....................................................................... 8 Figure II-10: Example of a Marine Boiler ......................................................................... 9 Figure II-11: California’s Ports ....................................................................................... 11 Figure II-12: North American Emission Control Area..................................................... 14 Figure II-13: California OGV Clean Fuel Regulation Regulatory Zone .......................... 19 Figure II-14: 2016 PM10 Emissions – Mobile Sources Only ........................................... 23 Figure II-15: 2016 Statewide SOx Emissions ................................................................ 24 Figure II-16: 2016 Statewide SOx Emissions – Mobile Sources Only ........................... 24 i Figure II-17: 2016 Statewide NOx Emissions – Mobile Sources Only …………………. 25 Figure II-18: OGV Diesel PM10 Emissions Trends ......................................................... 26 Figure II-19: OGV NOx Emissions Trends…………………………………………………..27 Figure II-20: SOx Emissions Trends...………………………………………………..…..…27 Figure III-1: M/V Isla Bella ............................................................................................. 30 Figure III-2: “Well to Propeller” GHG Emissions ............................................................ 40 Figure III-3: Fuel Injector Designs (MDT) ...................................................................... 45 Figure III-4: Pulse Lubricating System (Wärtsilä) .......................................................... 48 Figure III-5: EGR Flow ................................................................................................... 54 Figure III-6: Open Loop and Closed Loop Scrubber Diagrams ..................................... 65 Figure III-7: Shore Power Connections ......................................................................... 69 Figure III-8: AMECS Barge System ............................................................................... 70 Figure III-9: Deck of Auriga Leader with Solar Panels ................................................... 73 Figure III-10: The E Ship 1 with Flettner Rotors ............................................................ 75 Figure III-11: The MV Beluga SkySails.......................................................................... 76 Figure III-12: Total Cost of New Hull Coating ................................................................ 84 Figure III-13 Paint Costs per m2 (Hydrex, 2011) ........................................................... 85 Figure III-14: Example of Steam Turbine Waste Heat Recovery Schematic ................. 98 Figure III-15: Example Steam Turbine and Power Turbine WHR System ..................... 99 Figure III-16: Fuel Consumption with a Waste Heat Recovery System ....................... 100 Figure III-17: HERCULES 2 Conceptual Diagram (HERCULES-2, 2015) ................... 107 Figure III-18: PERFECt Project Conceptual Design .................................................... 110 i Acronyms and Abbreviations ºC – Degrees Celsius ACS – Air Cavity System AF – Anti-Fouling AIS – Automatic Identification System AMECS – Advanced Maritime Emissions Control System ATC – Alaska Tanker Company BC – Black Carbon BIMCO – Baltic and International Maritime Council BTU – British Thermal Unit;