History of the Crusades. Episode 105 Party Like There's No Tomorrow. Hello again. Last week we saw internal strife arise once again within the two remaining Crusader states. The strife was so bad that King Hugh, the King of Acre and the King of Cyprus, decided to leave the troublesome Kingdom of Acre to its own devices. He retired to his remaining Kingdom, the much easier to rule Kingdom of Cyprus, and didn't bother raising any objections when Charles of Anjou, the King of Sicily, declared himself the King of Acre in 1277. Also in the year 1277, Sultan Baibars died unexpectedly in Damascus. This news was greeted with jubilation by the Latin Christians of the Middle East, who hoped for the collapse and demise of the powerful Mamluk Sultanate. For a while, it looked like their hopes might be realized. Baibars’ son and heir was a young man called Barakah, but he proved to be an inept ruler, spending the first couple of years of his reign trying unsuccessfully to quell in-fighting between Egypt's powerful Emirs. It all became too much for Sultan Baibars’ top commander in Syria, al-Mansur Qalawun, an ex slave who was a legendary for the massive price he attracted when he was sold in the slave markets as a young man. He had grown into a powerful soldier and military commander and rose to become Sultan Baibars’ right hand man in Syria. In August 1279, Qalawun decided that he had had enough of Barakah's ineffective attempts at ruling, and he gathered the Syrian troops together and marched on Cairo. Barakah promptly abdicated, and four months later Qalawun proclaimed himself Sultan. Vanquishing the army of the governor of Damascus, who also proclaimed himself Sultan in 1280, Qalawun eventually asserted his control over the late Sultan Baibars’ vast territory. Around about this time, the Mongols decided to take advantage of Qalawun's inexperience as the commander of the Egyptian and Syrian forces, and launched a major raid into Syria. Deciding they could use all the help they could get to try and break the Muslim stranglehold on the region, the Mongols requested assistance from the Crusader states. But it won't surprise anyone that the Latin Christians were in a state of internal disarray, and their response to the Mongol call to arms was virtually non-existent. King Leo III of Armenia joined with the Mongols and was accompanied by a handful of Knights Hospitaller, but that was the extent of the Frankish contribution to the military campaign. All the leaders of the Crusader states decided instead to seek a peace treaty from Qalawun. In the year 1283, the treaty was renewed and formalized. It was proclaimed for a period of ten years, ten months, ten days and ten hours (see what they did there?), and covered the cities of Acre and Sidon, and all the orchards, lands and vineyards surrounding the cities and the villages dependent on those cities. Tyre negotiated a separate truce with the Egyptians. The northern cities of Tripoli and Latakia were not included, and this is an important point to remember. Neither was the Hospitaller castle Marqab, one of the few remaining Latin Christian fortresses. Right, well the Mongols, the Armenians, and a handful of Knights Hospitaller are mobilizing and marching into Muslim territory, seeking to destroy the armies of the new Sultan Qalawun. How did that pan out? Well, as the Mongol army moved into Syria, the Egyptian army gathered in Damascus, then marched northwards to meet the invaders. The two armies met in the field outside the city of Homs. In the end, the day was won by the Egyptians. Although the two sides seemed evenly matched, the commander of the Mongol forces was wounded in the fighting, and this seems to have affected his will to fight. He ordered a general retreat. The army of King Leo found itself isolated during the retreat and suffered heavy losses as a result. The Egyptians prevailed and Qalawun proved that he could defend and protect his territory. With most of the Latin Christians in the Holy Land happy to sit back and relax, now that peace terms had been negotiated with the Egyptians, what was happening back in Europe? Were the western monarchs and the Papacy intending to muster another Crusade to come to the assistance of the dwindling and vulnerable Crusader states? Well, back in the mid 1270s, Pope Gregory X had done his best to call for another Crusade. He summoned a council at Lyon for this purpose. The only monarch to attend the meeting was the elderly King James I of Aragon. Both King Philip III of France and King Edward I of England were distracted by affairs within their own kingdoms. Despite these setbacks, Pope Gregory persisted. He managed to convince King Philip to take up the Cross, and ordered fortresses within the Crusader states to be repaired. But his efforts came to nothing. It seemed that, while everyone was happy to talk about a Crusade to the Holy Land, no one was actually keen to take any action. When Pope Gregory died in 1276 his Crusade died with him. King Edward of England, however, continued to take an interest in Middle Eastern affairs. He kept in touch with the Knights Hospitaller and was keen to see the Latin Christians in the Holy Land combine with the Mongols to defeat the Egyptians. Following the Battle of Homs in 1281, the Prior of the English division of the Knights Hospitaller, who was present at the battle, wrote to King Edward describing what took place. Interestingly, he told King Edward that both King Hugh and Bohemond VII didn't make it to the battle on time, which was stretching the truth a little, as both King Hugh and Bohemond had made peace with Qalawun and never intended to take up arms against him. What about Charles of Anjou, the current self-declared King of Acre? What assistance was he providing? Well, Charles was facing some pretty serious issues back home in Sicily. On the 30th of March 1282, the Sicilians decided they had had enough of Charles of Anjou and his French knights. To show just how unhappy they were with their French ruler, they rose up in revolt and killed every Frenchman on the island kingdom. Charles himself wasn't killed, but the Sicilian revolt started a chain reaction which led to the total collapse of Charles’ empire. He had planned to overtake Constantinople and had won territory in the Balkans to further this aim, but with his power base in Sicily destroyed, his eastern Mediterranean interests soon followed suit, and Charles was left empty-handed. Back in the Holy Land, Charles’ representative Roger of San Severino suddenly found himself running a Kingdom without any real backing. He was recalled back to Italy. Before he left, he handed over his position as administrator of the realm to his seneschal, Odo Poilechian. In 1283 King Hugh of Cyprus decided to take back the Kingdom of Acre. Along with two of his sons, he set out from Cyprus to Acre but was blown off course, landing instead at Beirut, where he was well received. He sailed down the coast to Tyre where things started to go wrong. To start with, his royal standard fell into the sea, and an enormous ceremonial cross carried by a procession of clergymen who had come to greet him, slipped and crushed the skull of a bystander. Understandably, King Hugh took both of these as ill omens. Then his son and heir, Bohemond, died. To make matters worse, no one came down from Acre to greet him, the Templars at Acre, preferring the compliant government of Odo Poilechian. King Hugh died at Tyre the following year. He was succeeded by his seventeen year old son John, who was crowned King of Cyprus in May 1284. He then traveled to Tyre, where he was crowned King of Acre. However, he was only really recognized as King of Acre by his subjects in Tyre and Beirut. King John's reign only lasted a year. He died in May 1285, and was succeeded by his younger brother Henry, who, aged fourteen, was crowned King of Cyprus. Perhaps understandably, Henry decided not to venture to the Crusader states to claim his other crown, and remained in Cyprus. Meanwhile, Qalawun decided to punish the Knights Hospitaller for siding against him with the Mongols. The towns and fortresses in the northernmost regions of the Crusader states were not covered by the treaty of 1283, and Qalawun decided to take full advantage of this fact. In April 1285, Sultan Qalawun marched to the Hospitaller castle at Marqab. The castle stood on the summit of the mountain, and the Egyptians dragged a huge number of catapult machines up the side of the mountain, and began pummeling the castle walls. The castle was equipped with its own catapults, and they began hurling missiles back at the Egyptians, managing to destroy or disable many of their machines. The castle held out against the Egyptians for more than a month, but its walls were finally breached when the Egyptians successfully undermined one of the castle towers, known ironically as the Tower of Hope, bringing it crashing down. The garrison surrendered, and Qalawun took possession of the fortress. Around the same time as the Hospitaller castle fell into Muslim hands, news reached the Holy Land that Charles of Anjou had died. He was succeeded by his son Charles II of Naples, who was much too busy fighting a civil war in Sicily to worry about the faraway Kingdom of Acre.