UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES BRNO FACULTY OF VETERINARY HYGIENE AND ECOLOGY Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases BIOLOGY AND GENETICS THEORY FOR PRACTICALS Doc. MVDr. Eva Bártová, Ph.D. BRNO 2017 At the beginning or what awaits you....... The latest version of the handbook is available to you, especially for master students of both veterinary faculties of VFU Brno, for practical exercises in Biology. The teaching of biology will take the form of lectures and practical exercises focusing on general biology and the basics of genetics. In connection with the change of the curriculum, the teaching was reduced from two semesters to one. We responded to these changes by adjusting the syllables in both lectures and exercises. Within 13 weeks, you will be focused mainly on microscopic techniques. Therefore, we will ask you to be able to describe the microscope (its parts and what it serves) and have been able to use it correctly in observing the permanent preparations that you will have at the exercises. You can make various native preparations, blood coats, bacteriological splints, and test your blood group. You will learn what is the difference between the plant and the animal cell, how they move, how they respond to different osmotic environments, and how they reproduce. Nowadays, biology can not exist without modern methods, so we will introduce you to methods of molecular biology (DNA isolation, PCR and gel electrophoresis) by solving a specific task – determination of the sex of a bird. After completing these exercises you will know the principles of each method, its importance and its practical use. You will also use the genetic model of Drosophila melanogaster for a simple experiment so you can verify how the eye color of this insect is inherited in the next generation. In the self-study, you will be able to count genetic examples from the field of mendelian and non-mendelian heredity, population and quantitative genetics. You will use simple genetic crosses (a combination square but also a branching method) to find genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from different crossings and how the blood groups are inherited in humans and animals. You should understand how the genes can interact with each other, how works mitochondrial and chloroplast inheritance, sex inheritance and genetic links, and what is the difference between qualitative and quantitative traits. You will apply this knowledge to genetics of populations and genetic of quantitative trait. In this handbook, you can easily orientate following content that is divided into chapters, as they will be on the exercises. Each chapter begins with a theoretical introduction to the subject. You take this part as a minimum of knowledge that we will ask you for exercises (it is necessary for you to be ready for the exercise!). We also recommend attending lectures where you will learn more about the issue. For a deeper study, use a list of study literature at the end of this handbook. The handbook is supplemented with illustrations, tables and charts, sample genetic examples, recommended literature, web links, and control questions. Further information (syllabuses, schedules, lectures, worksheets, links to multimedia aids, etc.) can be found on the website of the Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases. We wish you a great deal of success and hope that this handbook will be a useful tool for you. Author 2 CONTENTS 1. Making records from the lessons ........................................................................................4 2. Methods used for obtaining information in biological sciences ...........................................5 3. Magnifying devices (magnifying glass, light microscope) ..................................................6 3.1. Light (optical) microscope ...........................................................................................6 3.1.1. History of light microscopes ..................................................................................6 3.1.2. Parts of a light microscope ....................................................................................7 3.1.3. Types of light microscopes .................................................................................. 13 4. Microscopic technique ..................................................................................................... 16 5. Chemical composition of bioplasm .................................................................................. 19 5.1. Elements .................................................................................................................... 19 5.2. Chemical compounds ................................................................................................ 19 6. Prokaryotes, observing under immersion .......................................................................... 23 6.1. Prokaryotes................................................................................................................ 23 6.1.1. Domain Bacteria ................................................................................................. 23 6.1.2. Domain Archaea ................................................................................................. 25 7. Eukaryotes – animal cell, protozoa ................................................................................... 26 8. Eukaryotes – plant cell ..................................................................................................... 29 9. Movement and taxis, native preparations .......................................................................... 31 9.1. Movement and taxis................................................................................................... 31 9.1. Native preparation ..................................................................................................... 34 10. Blood examination ......................................................................................................... 35 10.1. Methods of blood testing and their usage ................................................................. 35 10.2. Measuring the size of microscopic objects ............................................................... 36 10.3. Transport of substances, osmosis (animal cell) ......................................................... 36 10.4. Determination of blood groups ................................................................................. 38 11. Cell cycle, mitosis .......................................................................................................... 40 12. Reproduction and development ...................................................................................... 43 13. Model organism - Drosophila melanogaster................................................................... 50 14. Cytogenetics .................................................................................................................. 52 15. Methods of molecular biology ........................................................................................ 56 16. Cell and tissue cultures ................................................................................................... 64 17. Non-cellular form of life, electron microscopes .............................................................. 67 17.1. Non-cellular form of life .......................................................................................... 67 17.1. Electron microscopes ............................................................................................... 70 18. Physical and chemical stress........................................................................................... 75 19. Genetics ......................................................................................................................... 77 19.1. Mendelisms, monohybridism ................................................................................... 77 19.2. Dihybridism, polyhybridism and branching method ................................................. 78 19.3. Polymorphic genes................................................................................................... 81 19.4. Inheritance and sex .................................................................................................. 82 19.5. Gene interactions ..................................................................................................... 84 19.6. Genetic linkage ........................................................................................................ 85 19.7. Non-Mendelian inheritance ...................................................................................... 87 19.8. Quantitative genetics ................................................................................................ 90 19.9. Population genetics .................................................................................................. 91 20. Care of laboratory animals and animal experiments ........................................................ 93 21. Recommended literature................................................................................................. 97 3 1 Making recotrds from the lessons 1. Making records from the lessons At each practical, you will draw in worksheets that you need to print before each practical. Worksheets can be downloaded from our Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases. The aim of the microscopic exercises is to focus on the objects in