ISSN 1426-5915 e-ISSN 2543-859X 20(2)/2017 Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG 2017, 20(2), 8-18 DOI 10.4467/2543859XPKG.17.007.7389 GeoGraPhic sTrucTure of road TransPorTaTion and loGisTics infrasTrucTure in The rePublic of belarus Struktura geograficzna infrastruktury transportu drogowego i logistyki w Republice Białorusi andrei bezruchonak Department of Economic Geography of Foreign Countries, Faculty of Geography, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya st. 16, 220030, Minsk, Belarus e-mail: [email protected] citation: Bezruchonak A., 2017, Geographic structure of road transportation and logistics infrastructure in the Republic of Belarus, Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG, 20(2), 8-18. abstract: Transportation, representing 6% of GDP, plays vital role in social and economic development of the Republic of Belarus. The purpose of this article is to present the geographic analysis of current spatial structure of the road transportation in Belarus in 2000-2014. The choice of transport mode for the article was influenced by several factors, such as historic devel- opment, network coverage, transformational changes in productivity, rapid increase in car ownership numbers, emergence of logistic centers and intelligent transportation systems. The article reviews the range of topics, including morphology of the major roads network, logistic centers spatial distribution and regional features of passenger and cargo productivity, discusses current transformational changes within the road transportation sector in Belarus. The key findings indicate that current changes in spatial structure of the road transportation in Belarus have uneven nature, shaped by social, economic, political and geopolitical external and internal factors and are a subject of interest for both transportation researchers and practitioners. Key words: road transportation system, transportation accessibility and productivity, logistics geography, GIS-T models, network analysis received: 13.06.2017 accepted: 02.08.2017 Geographic structure of road transportation and logistics infrastructure in the Republic of Belarus 9 1. introduction by introducing or scratching regulatory barriers of market entry. Belarus has an advantageous geographical location Important changes in the legislative framework at the crossroads of major pan-European transpor- regarding transportation development were tation corridors (West-East and North-South), namely introduced in the 2010s. Two State Programs for II, IX, IXB (with the total length of 1520 km) and has Development of the Logistics Sector and for significant potential for effective and adequate Development of the Transit Potential of Belarus were performance of transport and logistical systems at published in 2011-2015. The state authorities approved contemporary globalized markets. The geographical the State Program for the Development and location in the center of Europe determines its Maintenance of Highways in the Republic of Belarus transportation policy. Being a landlocked country for 2015-2019 in 2015. The 2014 edition of the State without direct access to the sea, Belarus has to play Scheme of the Integrated Territorial Organization of the role of a transit corridor (UNECE, 2013). the Republic of Belarus had formulated the guidelines Since 1991, during the years of the sovereignty, for modernization of the transportation complex, a number of transformational problems had ensuring safety and efficiency of its operation at the challenged the transportation system of the Republic estimated (until 2020) and forecasting planning of Belarus. Due to the economic downturn and stages (until 2030). In addition, the National Strategy a decline of the populations’ living standards, the for Sustainable Social and Economic Development of demand and supply for road transportation services the Republic of Belarus until 2030 was adopted in has decreased significantly, which had led to 2015, outlining directions and parameters for the a decrease in economic performance, passenger and development of all transportation systems in the freight traffic volumes, as well as to the suspension country. of new construction projects. However, starting from Thus, the main purpose of the article is to analyze the early 2000’s the new tendencies of road the changes of the spatial structure of the road transportation development had started in Belarus. transportation in Belarus in 2000-2014. The specific Despite the stagnation of the road network evolution research objectives of this paper include investigation, (until 2013) and decline in passenger transportation analysis and regional comparison of the following productivity (decrease in volumes of passengers aspects of the road transportation development carried), the growth of freight volumes and freight in Belarus in 2000-2014: 1) dynamics of network turnover was typical for all regions of the country. In morphology of major roads; 2) dynamics of addition, 42 new infrastructural elements – infrastructural development and its spatial transportation and logistics centers (TLCs), were peculiarities; 3) structural and geographic changes in constructed, and the infrastructure of intelligent freight and passenger productivity. transportation systems – electronic toll collection The article consists of six parts. First, it reviews the system – had started commercial operation in Belarus. literature relevant to geographic analysis of road Development of the road transportation in Belarus transportation systems in general and in Belarus in is defined by six main factors – historical, geographical, particular. Then the research methodology is economic, social, environmental and regulatory. explained and data analysis techniques are presented. Historically the ancestor of road transportation was Next, the findings on the research questions regarding the first one to establish socio-economic links geographic aspects of network development, between the settlements of Belarus, some of which productivity and logistics are presented and had subsequently transformed into transportation discussed. The final part provides the conclusion. hubs. Geographically the network of highways and national roads has the largest territorial coverage in 2. literature review Belarus. The economic factor had influence on the change of the place and role of road transportation Currently there are no fundamental works of in the republican structure of freight and passenger Belarusian geographers providing the analysis of traffic. Since 2000, the growth of the social and transportation systems and road transportation at environmental impact of the increasing car ownership, regional and local spatial scales. The majority of related to pressure on road infrastructure, traffic modern transportation development programs are congestion and environmental problems, had based on the results of economic, econometric – but significantly increased. Transportation planning and not geographic – study of transportation systems. regulation in Belarus plays significant role in Although, the majority of publications providing establishing competitive and advantageous economic analysis of the road transportation sector conditions for the transportation and logistics actors use geographic methods of data interpretation and 10 Andrei Bezruchonak visualization. The main ideas of this article interpret changes in network configuration for the years 2000- the concepts and methodological approaches of 2016. contemporary transportation geography, presented Official publications of the World Bank, United in the works of V.N. Bugromenko, J-P. Rodrigue, Nations Economic Commission for Europe, MITSO, E.J. Taaffe, S.A. Tarkhov, R. Tolleyand others. The IPM Research Center, Kapsch TrafficCom AG and analysis of the main theoretical results of the major others were analyzed in order to provide the reader schools of transportation geography (Anglo-Saxon, with better understanding of current trends in the Soviet and contemporary Russian) showed that the industry. territorial structure of transportation systems reflects The spatial structure of major roads (highways and the specifics of the organization of socio-economic regional) only was analyzed, as far as those roads processes of the territory (Rodrigue et al., 2013; Taaffe serve 60-80% of freight and passenger traffic (UNECE, et al, 1996). The geographic analysis of spatial patterns 2013). Along with basic geographic analysis of the of road network configuration and evolution is road network dynamics and accessibility, the presented in works of Тархов (2005). The works of description of morphologic changes in 2000-2014, Rodrigue et al. (2013) and Бугроменко (2010) based on methodological approaches of Тархов explained the concept of transportation accessibility (2005), is provided. The main idea is that in case of in general. The geographic analysis of road the network growth, its configuration complicates transportation productivity and logistics is based on and formation of new layers in circuital framework the concepts presented in the works of Rodrigue et occurs (Тархов, 2005). The structure of geographic al. (2013), Tolley (1995) and interpretation of the analysis of network development, logistics existing statistical data. infrastructure and productivity uses the logical The existing research papers on transportation scheme, which considers: a) national dynamics and infrastructure (Жук, Миленький 2011; UNECE, 2013; structural changes, b) regional dynamics and Захман, 2011), productivity and