www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 1 GK Magazine Table of Content 1. History of India……………............................3 2. Indian Economy……………...…………............19 3. Geography, Environment & Ecology……..33 4. Indian Polity & Governance…………………..60 5. Science & Technology………………………......81 6. State at a Glance…………………………………...97 7. Discussion & Analysis-Research Based...123 8. One Liner Facts( Subject Specific)……… 129 9. GK MCQs – Exam Based………….………….145 www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 2 Indian National Movement: an Overview It has been observed that the struggles for Freedom in India had been a merger of a series of Political, Socio-Cultural and Economic factors that led to the rise of Nationalism. On 28 December 1885 Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in the premises of Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit School at Bombay. It was presided over by W.C Banerjee and attended by 72 delegates. A.O Hume played an instrumental role in the foundation of INC with an aim to provide Safety Valve to the British Government. www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 3 A.O Hume served as a first General Secretary of INC. Real Aim of Congress is to trained the Indian youth in political agitation and to organise or to create public opinion in the country. For this they use the method of annual session where they discuss the problem and passed the resolution. The first or early phase of Indian Nationalism is also termed as Moderate Phase (1885- 1905).Moderate leaders were W.C Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, R.C Dutt, Ferozeshah Mehta, George Yule etc. Moderates have full faith in British Government and adopted PPP path i.e. Protest, Prayer and Petition. Due to disillusionment from Moderates methods of work, extremism began to develop within the congress after 1892. The Extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipinchandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. Instead of PPP path they www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 4 emphasise on self-reliance, constructive work and swadeshi. With the announcement of Partition of Bengal (1905) by Lord Curzon for administrative convenience, Swadeshi and Boycott resolution was passed in 1905. Muslim League was founded in 1906 by Agah Khan III and Moshin Mulk. Separate electorate was introduced by the Act of 1909 Morley- Minto Reform Act. Gadhar Movement was started by Lala Hardayal in 1913 and founded the Gadhar party on 1stNovember 1913 at Kotland. Its headquarter was set up in the form of Yugantar Ashram at San Francisco and started the publication of Gadhar Journal. Komgata Maru incident took place on September 1914 and for this Indians set up a committee named as Shore Committee to fight the legal battle of the passengers. In 1914 First World War broke out. www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 5 Tilak on April 1916 started Home Rule Movement and its headquartered was at Poona and demanded Swaraj. Annie Besant on September 1916 started Home Rule movement and it’s headquarter was at Adiyar near Madras. Lucknow Session of Congress 1916 presided over by Ambika Charan Majumdar (Moderate leader) where both Extremist and Moderate leaders were united. www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 6 Government of India Act 1919 or Montagu- Chelmsford Reform Act was passed to establish a responsible Government in India. th On 9 January 1915 Gandhi ji return to India from South Africa at the age of 46. In 1916 Gandhi Ji founded Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmadabad (Gujarat) to preach the idea of truth and non-violence. Champaran Satyagraha – 1917 Kheda Satyagraha – 1917 Ahmadabad Mill Strike – 1918 Rowlatt Act Satyagraha February,1919 Gandhi ji founded the Satyagraha Sabha in February, 1919. In this movement student, middle class, labour and capitalist participated and congress as an organisation was nowhere. This was the first mass movement of Gandhi ji. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre – 13 April, 1919. People were gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest against arrest on Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal on 13 April 1919. www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 7 st On 1 August 1920 Khilafat Committee launched a Non-Cooperation movement on triple issues- Punjab wrongs, Khilafat issue and Demand for Swaraj. Therefore, Non-Cooperation Movement was started on 1920. In October 1920 All India Trade Union Congress was founded in Bombay by N. M Joshi, Ray Chaudhary. Presided over by Lala Lajpat Ray Akali Movement was started in 1920. In 1925, SGPC (Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandak Committee) was founded. Congress Khilafat Swaraj Party was formed by CR Das and Motilal Nehru. Also famous for the second split in the congress. In 1927, Workers & Peasant Party (WPP) was formed at Bombay by S.S Mirajkar, K. N Juglekar and S.V Ghate. In 1924, H.R.A (Hindustan Republican Association) was formed at Kanpur. Its www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 8 members were CS Azad, Sachin Sanyal and Ramprasad Bismil. In 1929, HSRA (Hindustan Socialist Republic Association) was formed at Firozeshah Kotla Delhi. Bhagat Singh joined HSRA. On 9 Aug, 1925 Kakori Train Dacoit, in this conspiracy case Ram Prasad Bismil, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Lal and Asafaqullah khan were hanged to death. rd On 23 March, 1931 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged to death in Lahore Conspiracy Case. On 8 November, 1927 Simon Commission was appointed by the British Conservative Government under Stanley Baldwin. To inquire in the working system of Government in the country after the reform act of 1919. Nehru Report- 1928 for dominion status, universal adult franchise, etc. st Jinnah’s 14 point programme on 31 March, 1929. www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 9 1929 Lahore Session of INC presided by Jawaharlal Nehru where the resolution of Purna Swaraj was passed by the congress and decided to launch a Civil Disobedience movement under the leadership of Gandhi ji. th On 26 January, 1930 Independence Day was celebrated for the 1st time. Civil Disobedience Movement was started with the Dandi March. From 12 March to 6 April , 1930 Gandhi ji along with his 78 followers marched from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi and broke the salt law by making salt on 6th April 1930. On 12 November, 1930 First Round Table Conference was held. th On 5 March, 1931 Gandhi Irwin Pact was signed. rd On 23 March, 1931 Trial of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev. On 29 March, 1931 Karachi Session of INC, presided over by Vallabh Bhai Patel. In this www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 10 session first time a resolution of Fundamental Rights and Economic policy was passed. th On 7 September, 1931 Second Round Table Conference was held in which Gandhi ji participated on the behalf of congress. th On 16 August, 1932 Communal or Ramsay Macdonald Award was announced. th On 26 September, 1932 Poona pact was signed. On November, 1932 Third Round Table Conference was held. In 1935, Governmnet of India Act was passed to create All India Federation, Provincial Autonomy and Diarchy should be there in the centre. Important Congress Sessions: √ 1936 – Lucknow (UP) – Presided by J.L Nehru √ 1937 – Faizpur (Maharashtra) – Presided by J.L Nehru ( 1st session held in village) √ 1938 – Haripura (Gujarat) – Presided by S.C Bose www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 11 √ 1939 – Tripuri (M.P) – Presided by S.C Bose On September, 1939 World War II broke out and India was declared an ally without its consent. In 1939 S.C Bose founded Forward Bloc. It was a left party. th On 10 August, 1940 – August Offer was announced by Lord Linlithgow viceroy to get the support of Indians in the Second World War. th On 11 March, 1942 Prime Minister Winstill Churchill announced for sending a mission under the chairmanship of Sir Stafford Cripps to find out the solution of constitutional deadlock and problems of Indians. With the failure of Cripps Mission Quit India movement was started in 1942 by the Indian leaders and the resolution of Quit India was drafted by Gandhi Ji. Gandhi ji gave a call for Do or Die. www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 12 In 1942 - Indian National Army was founded by Captain Mohan Singh and Niranjan Gill at Singapore. S. C Bose took over its command of 2nd Headquarter at Singapore and Rangoon. st On 21 October, 1943 – Azad Hind Government was set up at Singapore under S.C Bose. There was a women regiment known as Rani Jhansi. In 1945, Second World War was ended. In 1945 – Shimla Conference or Wavell Plan was proposed by Lord Wavell to solve the political deadlock. In 1946, Cabinet Mission Plan was announced by PM Clement Attlee. nd On 2 September, 1946 - Interim Government was set up under J.L Nehru. On March, 1947 – Lord Mountbatten was send to India with an aim to find a way to transfer of power. Also known as Plan Balkan. rd On 3 June Independence of India Act 1947 was passed by which powers were www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 13 transferred to two Dominion States India and Pakistan. List of Various Reforms and Acts during British India Name of the Year During the Significance Reforms/ Acts term of Prohibition of 1829 Lord William Supported by Raja Sati & Female Bentick Rammohan Roy. infanticide Doctrine of 1848 Lord Adoption of sons Lapse Dalhousie by rulers in the absence of their natural heirs was banned. Indian Council 1861 Lord Canning Envisaged Act association of Indians with the administration at higher level. www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge Page 14 llbert Bill 1883 Lord Ripon To bring Indian and European magistracy on equal footing. Indian Council 1892 Lord Membership of Act Lansdown central legislative council was enlarged. Morely-Minto 1909 Lord Minto II Separate Reforms electorates to widen the gulf between Hindus & Muslims.