(NASA-TM-110743) AERONAUTICS ANC SPACE REPCRT CF THE PRESTCENT Activities Report v Fiscal Year 1994 (NASA) 147 F Unclas G3/88 0056008 Aeronadcs and SpaceReport ofthe President FiscalYear 1994 ActiviUes 1995 NaUonalAerona_cs andSpaceAdministraUon Washington,DC 20546 Executive Summary ........................................................................................... 1 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ......................................................... 1 Department of Defense (DoD) ................................................................................................ 3 Department of Commerce (DoC) ............................................................................................ 4 Department of Energy (DOE) ................................................................................................... 4 Department of the Interior (Dol) ............................................................................................. 4 Department of Transportation (DOT) ....................................................................................... 5 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ............................................................................... 5 Office of Commercial Space Transportation (OCST) .......................................................... 6 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) ........................................................................... 6 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) .......................................................................... 6 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ................................................................... 7 1995 i National Science Foundation (NSF) ........................................................................................ 7 Smithsonian Institution ........................................................................................................... 8 Department of State (DOS) ...................................................................................................... 8 The U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) .................................................................................... 8 The Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) ............................................................. 9 The Information Agency (USIA) .............................................................................................. 9 Space Launch Activities .................................................................................... 9 Space Shuttle Missions ........................................................................................................... 9 Expendable Launches ........................................................................................................... 10 Space Science ................................................................................................. 11 Astronomy and Space Physics .............................................................................................. 11 Solar System Exploration ...................................................................................................... 15 Other Space Science ............................................................................................................ 1 7 11, Space Flight and Space Technology ................................................................ 20 Space Shuttle ........................................................................................................................ 20 Single Stage Rocket Technology (SSRT) ................................................................................. 21 Other Launch Systems .......................................................................................................... 22 Satellites ............................................................................................................................... 22 Space Station ........................................................................................................................ 26 Energy .................................................................................................................................. 27 Safety and Mission Assurance ............................................................................................... 29 Other Space Technology ...................................................................................................... 30 Space Communications ................................................................................... 31 Communications Satellites ................................................................................................... 31 Space Network ..................................................................................................................... 33 Ground Networks ................................................................................................................. 34 Aeronautical Activities .................................................................................... 34 Technological Developments ............................................................................................... 34 Air Traffic Control and Navigation ........................................................................................ 41 Weather-Related Aeronautical Activities ............................................................................... 44 Flight Safety and Security ..................................................................................................... 46 Aviation Medicine and Human Factors ................................................................................. 49 i i Aeronautics and Space Report of the President Studies of the Planet Earth .............................................................................. 50 Terrestrial Studies and Applications ...................................................................................... 50 Atmospheric Studies ............................................................................................................. 55 Oceanographic Studies ........................................................................................................ 57 Other Aeronautical and Space Activities ........................................................ 59 Discussions Concerning Arms Control of Space-Related Weaponry ..................................... 59 Cooperation With Russia and Other Foreign Policy Issues .................................................... 59 Commercial Development and Regulation of Space Technology ......................................... 62 Space and Public Diplomacy Abroad ................................................................................... 65 Appendixes ..................................................................................................... 67 A-1 U.S. Government Spacecraft Record ........................................................................... 67 A-2 World Record of Space Launches Successful in Attaining Earth Orbit or Beyond ......... 68 A-3 Successful U.S. Launches, October 1, 1993-September 30, 1994 ............................... 69 B-1 U.S.-Launched Applications Satellites, 1988-Sept. 1994 ............................................. 75 B-2 U.S.-Launched Scientific Satellites, 1988-Sept. 1994 .................................................. 77 B-3 U.S.-Launched Space Probes, 1975-Sept. 1994 .......................................................... 78 C U.S. and Russian Human Spaceflights, 1961-Sept. 1994 ............................................. 79 D U.S. Space Launch Vehicles ........................................................................................ 91 E- i Space Activities of the U.S. Government ..................................................................... 93 E-2 Federal Space Activities Budget ................................................................................... 95 E-3 Federal Aeronautics Budget ......................................................................................... 95 F-1 White House Statement on Treaty on Open Skies ........................................................ 96 F-2 Statement on Foreign Access to Remote Sensing Space Capabilities ............................ 97 F-3 Presidential Decision Directive/NSTC-2: Convergence of U.S.-Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite Systems ............................ 100 F-4 White House Fact Sheet: Landsat Remote Sensing Strategy ....................................... 103 F-5 White House Statement Releasing National Science Policy Report ............................ 106 F-6 Presidental Decision Directive/NSTC-4: National Space Transportation Policy ......... 110 Glossary ........................................................................................................ 117 Index ............................................................................................................ 139 1 9 9 5 iii Executive Summary competitive in the world market. Additionally, on May 5, 1994, the White House announced that the National Oceanic Note: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the DoD, and the directed the annual Aeronautics and Space Report to in- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) clude a "comprehensive description of the programmed activities and the accomplishments of all agencies of the were establishing a