Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5(6): 915-922, 2009 © 2009, INSInet Publication Forest Gall Midge Fauna (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Turkey 12Sabri Unal Erol Akkuzu 1,2Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, 37100-Kastamonu, Turkey Abstract: The family Cecidomyiidae (gall midges) is one of the largest groups of Diptera. Although gall midges are small and inconspicuous flies, they have important roles in both forest ecosystems and agroecosystems. To date, totally 73 species of gall midges belonging to 38 genera have been recorded in Turkey. Of them, 34 species in 24 genera belong to forest gall midge fauna. The richest area in point of forest gall midges reported is the Marmara region (21 species) following by the Central Anatolia region (9 species), the Black Sea region (7 species), and the Aegean region (6 species). In 34 forest gall midges, 32 species are phytophagous, one is zoophagous, and one is phytosaprophagous. Key words: Gall midges, Cecidomyiidae, Diptera, forest trees, fauna, Turkey INTRODUCTION genera of coniferous trees and 35 genera of broad- leaved trees in the world, respectively [6]. Trotter [9] was Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), the principal gall inducers the first researcher to collect galls on forest trees in around the world [1], is a family of flies known as gall Turkey. He determined 9 gall midge species including gnats or gall midges. The gall midges are small Dryomyia circinnans (Giraud), Hartigiola annulipes (mostly 1-5 mm in length), delicate flies with long legs (Hartig), Janetia cerris (Kollar), Janetia szepligetii and usually long antennae and with a reduced wing Kieffer, Macrodiplosis pustularis (Bremi), venation [2]. They are characterized by hairy wings Macrodiplosis roboris (Hardy), Mikiola fagi (Hartig), which are unusual in the order Diptera. The larvae of Oligotrophus panteli (Kieffer), and Zygiobia carpini (F. gall midges are tiny maggots, with the head small and Löw). Later on, some other researchers recorded some poorly developed and the mouthparts minute [2]. forest gall midge species in Turkey [10-22]. More than 1,200 species are known to occur in the The aims of the study were to give information on Nearctic Region [3] and approximately 2,200 species the forest gall midge fauna of Turkey and occur in the Palearctic Region [4]. It has been estimated zoogeographical distribution and some biological that the world fauna of gall midges includes four or features of them. five thousand species. Although gall midges are small and inconspicuous Forest Gall Midges of Turkey: The nomenclature and flies, they have important roles in both forest the generic classification of the following thirty-three ecosystems and agroecosystems. Forest trees are under forest gall midges are based on Skuhravá [4], Gagné attack by many phytophagous gall midges, some of [23,24], and Thompson and Evenhuis [25]. Species under which can be serious pests (i.e. Dasineura rozhkovii tribes are arranged in alphabetical order. Mamaev and Nikolsky on Larix sibirica L.) [5]. For each species the following data were given: The larvae of gall midges feed and develop in biology, the host plant species and plant family, many different habitats [6]. Skuhravá et al., [7] classified references and distribution. Synonyms which occurred gall midges into three ecological groups on the basis of in the Turkish literature in the past were also given. larval feeding habits: the mycophagous (fungivorous), Subfamily: CECIDOMYIINAE the phytophagous, and the zoophagous. Tribe: Brachineurini The larvae of phytophagous gall midges feed on plants (with or without producing galls) by sucking sap Mikiola fagi (Hartig, 1839): Larvae cause hard pointed from various parts of host plants. The gall-maker galls on leaves of Fagus sylvatica L. [26]. Only one midges form distinctive galls on all parts of plants. larva grows up inside the chamber [27]. Many species of gall midges form a characteristics gall It is a European species [28]. Skuhravá et al. [27] on a particular part of a particular species of plant [2]. reported that M. fagi exists abundantly in Central About 240 forest gall midge species in the world have Europe and reaches in north-eastern Spain. In Turkey, been reviewed by Barnes [8]. The larvae of 80 and 160 it has been reported from Sakarya (Sapanca) [9], gall midge species develop on various species of 14 Ýstanbul [10], Bolu (Abant) on Fagus sp. [11]. Corresponding Author: Sabri Unal, Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, 37100-Kastamonu, Turkey 915 Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 5(9): 915-922, 2009 Major host plants in the world: Fagus sylvatica L. lobe downwards of Quercus robur L. [26]. Distribution: It is a European species [28] and has Mikiola orientalis kieffer, 1908: Larvae induce hard been reported from Bursa on Quercus lusitanica Lam., pointed galls on leaves of Fagus orientalis L. [29]. Sakarya (Adapazarý, Sapanca) on Quercus petraea Distribution: This species is distributed in West- (Matt.) Liebl. (Q. sessiflora Salis.) [9]. Asian [4] and Asia Minor [30]. In Turkey, it has been Major host plants in the world: Quercus robur L., recorded from Ýstanbul on Fagus sp. [12]. Q. lusitanica Lam., Q. petraea (Matt.) (Q. sessiflora Major host plants in the world: Fagus orientalis L. Salis.). Tribe: Cecidomyiini Macrodiplosis roboris (Hardy, 1854): Synonym: Contarinia coryli (Kaltenbach, 1859): Synonym: Macrodiplosis volvens Kieffer, 1895 Larvae produce Diplosis corylina F. Löw, 1878 Larvae induce leaf galls (rolled leaf margin upwards) of Quercus swellings on catkins of Corylus avellana L. robur L. [26]. Skuhravá et al. [27] indicated that the gall (Corylaceae) [27]. is formed of rolled up the leaf margin usually between Distribution: It is a Euro-Siberian species [28] and lobes. has been reported from the Eastern Black Sea Region Distribution: It is a European species [28]. In in Turkey [19,20]. Turkey, it has been reported from Bursa (Gemlik) on Major host plants in the world: Corylus Quercus lusitanica Lam., Sakarya (Adapazarý, Sapanca) avellana L. on Quercus sessiflora Salis. [9], Ýstanbul on Quercus sp. [11]. Contarinia populi (Rübsaamen, 1917): Larvae induce Major host plants in the world: Quercus robur L., galls on leaves of Populus tremula L. [29]. The larvae Q. lusitanica Lam., Q. sessiflora Salis. of Lasioptera populnea live as inquilines in galls of C. populi (Rübs.) and on leaves of Populus tremula L. Monarthropalpus flavus (Schrank, 1776): Synonym: [27,29]. Monarthropalpus buxi Laboulbéne, 1873 Larvae of this Distribution: It is a Euro-Siberian species [28]. In species induce blister-like galls on leaves of Buxus Turkey, it has been reported from Ýstanbul (Belgrad sempervirens L. [27]. Forest, Alemdað) and Balýkesir (Dursunbey) under the Distribution: This species is distributed mainly in name of Diplosis populi (Rübsaamen) [15]. European and secondarily in Holarctic regions [4]. It has Major host plants in the world: Populus tremula L. been cited from Ankara in Turkey [18]. Major host plants in the world: Buxus Harmandiola cavernosa (Rübsaamen, 1899): sempervirens L. Synonym: Diplosis cavernosa Rübsaamen, 1899 Larvae induce large hard, thick walled galls on leaves of Resseliella piceae seitner, 1906: Larvae of this species Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae) with a slit opening on grow up inside the seed in cones of Abies alba Mill. the upper side of the leaf [26,27]. [26]. Distribution: It is a Euro-Siberian species [28]. In Distribution: It is a European species [28]. In Turkey, it has been reported from Ýstanbul (Belgrad Turkey, It has been found in Western Black Sea Forest, Alemdað) and Balýkesir (Dursunbey) [15]. Region on Abies sp. [13]. Major host plants in the world: Populus tremula L. Major host plants in the world: Abies alba Mill. Harmandiola globuli (Rrübsaamen, 1889): Synonym: Thecodiplosis sp: Larvae develop inside the cones of Diplosis globuli Rübsaamen, 1889 Larvae cause smaller Pinus brutia Ten. thin-walled galls on the upper leaf surface of Populus Distribution: It is distributed in West-Asian tremula L. with a slit opening on the lower side of the regions. In Turkey, it has been cited from Manisa leaf [26,27]. (Muradiye) and Ýzmir (Kýnýk) [29]. Distribution: This species is distributed in Euro- Major host plants in the world: Pinus brutia Ten. Siberian regions [28]. In Turkey, it has been reported Tribe: Clinodiplosini from Ýstanbul (Belgrad Forest, Alemdað) and Balýkesir (Dursunbey) [15]. Clinodiplosis botularia (Winnertz, 1853): Larvae Major host plants in the world: Populus tremula L. develop in galls on leaves of Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae) [29]. Macrodiplosis pustularis (Bremi, 1847): Synonym: Distribution: It is a European species [28]. In Macrodiplosis dryobia (F. Löw, 1877) Larvae of this Turkey, it has been reported from Ýstanbul [10]. species produce leaf galls in the form of folded leaf Major host plants in the world: Fraxinus 916 Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 5(9): 915-922, 2009 excelsior L. Dryomyia circinans (Giraud, 1861): D. circinans Tribe: Lasiopterini larvae cause galls on leaves of Quercus cerris L. [26, 27]. Distribution: This species is distributed in Sub- Janetia cerris (Kollar, 1850): Synonyms: Lasioptera Mediterranean and Mediterranean regions [4]. In Turkey, cerris Kollar, 1850 Skuhravá [26] reported that larvae it has been reported from Bilecik [9], Ýstanbul on Q. cause small hard galls on leaves of Quercus cerris L. pubescens Willd. [10], Eskiºehir (Sivrihisar) on Quercus Distribution: This species is distributed in sp., Manisa (Salihli, Alaºehir), Niðde (Hasandagi) [31]. Mediterranean regions [28]. In Turkey, it has been cited Major host plants in the world: Quercus cerris L., Q. from Bursa (Gemlik, Ýznik) as Arnoldia sp. [9] and pubescens Willd. from Aksaray (Hasandaðý), Ýzmir (Menemen) on Quercus spp. under the name of Arnoldia cerris Hartigiola annulipes (Hartig, 1839): Synonym: Kollar [31]. Phegobia tornatella Bremi, 1847 Larvae of H. Major host plants in the world: Quercus cerris L., annulipes cause cylindrical galls on leaves of Fagus sylvatica L. [26]. Janetia szepligetii Kieffer, 1896: Larvae of this species Distribution: It is a European species [28].