United States TECHNOLOGY Department of Agriculture TRANSFER NEW INVADERS OF THE NORTHWEST Second Edition Rachel Winston, Wendy DesCamp, Jennifer Andreas, Carol Bell Randall, Joseph Milan, and Mark Schwarzländer FHTET-2014-12 Forest Health Technology University of Idaho December 2014 Enterprise Team Extension Reprinted August 2015 TDeputyhe Forest Chief Health for Technology State and Private Enterprise Forestry, Team USDA, (FHTET) Forest was Service, created to in develop 1995 by and the deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover photos (clockwise from top left): crown vetch (Dan Tenaglia, Missouriplants.com, www.bugwood. org), garden loosestrife (King County NWCB), giant reed (Amy Ferriter, www.bugwood.org), blueweed (H. Zell), English holly (Jürgen Howaldt) In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: [email protected]. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper NEW INVADERS OF THE NORTHWEST Second Edition Rachel L. Winston Wendy DesCamp Environmental Consultant Education Specialist MIA Consulting, LLC Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board Sandpoint, ID Olympia, WA [email protected] [email protected] www.nwcb.wa.gov Jennifer E. Andreas Integrated Weed Control Project Carol Bell Randall Washington State University Extension Entomologist, Forest Health Protection Puyallup, WA USDA Forest Service [email protected] Coeur d’Alene, ID www.invasives.wsu.edu [email protected] Joseph Milan Mark Schwarzländer Biological Control Specialist Associate Professor for Entomology Bureau of Land Management University of Idaho, PSES Despartment Boise, ID Moscow, ID [email protected] [email protected] For additional copies of this publication, contact: Mark Schwarzländer Richard Reardon University of Idaho USDA Forest Service PSES Department 180 Canfield Street Moscow, ID 83844 Morgantown, WV 26505 208.885.9319 304.285.1566 [email protected] [email protected] Acknowledgments Numerous state, provincial, and regional weed experts and land managers contributed their time and expertise to create the species list utilized in this guide. The distribution maps were compiled by Michelle Lewis. The distribution maps were compiled by Michelle Lewis. The layout was designed by Rachel Winston, with assistance from Wendy W. Harding. We would like to thank all of the photographers who granted permission for the use of photos. We also extend our gratitude to Richard Reardon (Forest Service-Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team or FHTET) for producing this guide. Introduction 4 Bluish-Purple Flowers 12 Blueweed, Echium vulgare 12 Clary sage, Salvia sclarea 16 Meadow clary, Salvia pratensis 16 Paterson’s curse, Echium plantagineum 12 Pine echium, Echium pininana 14 Silverleaf nightshade, Solanum elaeagnifolium 18 Green Flowers 20 Barbed goatgrass, Aegilops triuncialis 20 Chinese silvergrass, Miscanthus sinensis 22 Eggleaf spurge, Euphorbia oblongata 32 False brome, Brachypodium sylvaticum 24 Giant reed, Arundo donax 26 Japanese chaff flower, Achyranthes japonica 34 Table of Contents of Table Jubata grass, Cortaderia jubata 28 Mayten, Maytenus boaria 38 Myrtle spurge, Euphorbia myrsinites 32 Ovate goatgrass, Aegilops geniculata 20 Pampas grass, Cortadeeria selloana 28 Ravenna grass, Saccharum ravennae 30 White bryony, Bryonia alba 36 Pinkish-Purple Flowers 40 Camelthorn, Alhagi maurorum 60 Crown vetch, Securigera varia 56 Hairy willowherb, Epilobium hirsutum 48 Himalayan balsam, Impatiens glandulifera 50 Iberian starthistle, Centaurea iberica 44 Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus 40 Kudzu, Pueraria montana var. lobata 58 Plumeless thistle, Carduus acanthoides 40 Purple starthistle, Centaurea calcitrapa 44 Shiny geranium, Geranium lucidum 52 Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus 40 2 New Invaders of the Northwest Squarrose knapweed, Centaurea virgata ssp. squarrosa 46 Wild four-o’clock, Mirabilis nyctaginea 54 White Flowers 62 Bridal veil broom, Retama monosperma 76 Bur chervil, Anthriscus caucalis 62 Common privet, Ligustrum vulgare 78 Cutleaf teasel, Dipsacus laciniatus 66 English holly, Ilex aquifolium 82 Garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata 68 Giant hogweed, Heracleum mantegazzianum 64 Goatsrue, Galega officinalis 74 Italian arum, Arum italicum 70 Mediterranean sage, Salvia aethiopis 72 Syrian beancaper, Zygophyllum fabago 80 Wild chervil, Anthriscus sylvestris 62 Yellow Flowers 84 Austrian yellow cress, Rorippa austriaca 84 Creeping yellow cress, Rorippa sylvestris 84 French broom, Genista monspessulana 104 Garden loosestrife, Lysimachia vulgaris 88 Oriental clematis, Clematis orientalis 102 Portuguese broom, Cytisus striatus 104 Sicilian starthistle, Centaurea sulphurea 90 Smooth distaff thistle, Carthamus creticus 92 Spanish broom, Spartium junceum 104 Spurge flax, Thymelaea passerina 96 Stinkwort, Dittrichia graveolens 94 Velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti 98 Woolly distaff thistle, Carthamus lanatus 92 Yellow archangel, Lamiastrum galeobdolon 100 Yellow clematis, Clematis tangutica 102 Yellowtuft, Alyssum corsicum & A. murale 86 Glossary 108 Selected References 112 New Invaders of the Northwest 3 About This Field Guide Invasive plants are a major concern worldwide. They displace native species, decrease forage and agricultural production, alter soil nutrients and water cycling, and lower the aesthetic value of natural areas. With the increase of world travel, exotic plant introductions are on the rise. Not all newly introduced species become invasive. Those which do often follow an invasion pattern; they remain at low levels for several years (lag phase) and then enter a phase where they increase dramatically. Attempting to control large weed infestations is a costly endeavor; it is much more cost effective to allocate resources toward weed prevention or the rapid treatment of new introductions. Unfortunately, the process of adding newly introduced species to watch lists or control lists is frequently tedious and lengthy. By the time many invasive species are on the radar, they have become widely established. The purpose of this guide is to help land users recognize new invasive plants, so they can be treated rapidly and Introduction eradicated rather than becoming large and expensive problems. This guide focuses on cool and temperate regions of northwestern North America, including portions of: Alaska, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Alberta and British Columbia. The hot and arid regions of southwestern USA are the focus of the sister guide, New Invaders of the Southwest. There is some overlap between species and regions, especially in areas bordering our superficial boundary. The species in this guide were selected by: 1. Combining state and provincial noxious weed, watch, and new invader lists/alerts 2. Adding species with high ecological impact ratings as assigned by the California Invasive Plant Council and NatureServe 3. Identifying those species not yet widespread throughout northwestern North America as first-round candidates 4. Combining the opinions of numerous state, provincial and regional weed experts to narrow the candidate list to those present in this guide It was not possible to include all new species of concern, but this manual will hopefully serve as a good starting point. The plants included herein are arranged first