IAEA-TECDOC-1840 IAEA-TECDOC-1840 IAEA TECDOC SERIES IAEA-TECDOC-1840 Cassava Production Guidelines for Food Security and Adaptation to Climate Change in Asia and Africa International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna ISBN 978–92–0–101718–5 ISSN 1011–4289 @ CASSAVA PRODUCTION GUIDELINES FOR FOOD SECURITY AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN ASIA AND AFRICA The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA PANAMA ALBANIA GREECE PAPUA NEW GUINEA ALGERIA GRENADA PARAGUAY ANGOLA GUATEMALA PERU ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA GUYANA PHILIPPINES ARGENTINA HAITI POLAND ARMENIA HOLY SEE PORTUGAL AUSTRALIA HONDURAS QATAR AUSTRIA HUNGARY REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA AZERBAIJAN ICELAND ROMANIA BAHAMAS INDIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION BAHRAIN INDONESIA BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RWANDA BARBADOS IRAQ SAINT VINCENT AND BELARUS IRELAND THE GRENADINES BELGIUM ISRAEL SAN MARINO BELIZE ITALY SAUDI ARABIA BENIN JAMAICA SENEGAL BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL JAPAN SERBIA STATE OF JORDAN SEYCHELLES BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA KAZAKHSTAN SIERRA LEONE BOTSWANA KENYA SINGAPORE BRAZIL KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SLOVAKIA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KUWAIT SLOVENIA BULGARIA KYRGYZSTAN SOUTH AFRICA BURKINA FASO LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SPAIN BURUNDI REPUBLIC SRI LANKA CAMBODIA LATVIA SUDAN CAMEROON LEBANON SWAZILAND CANADA LESOTHO SWEDEN CENTRAL AFRICAN LIBERIA SWITZERLAND REPUBLIC LIBYA CHAD LIECHTENSTEIN SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CHILE LITHUANIA TAJIKISTAN CHINA LUXEMBOURG THAILAND COLOMBIA MADAGASCAR THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CONGO MALAWI REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA COSTA RICA MALAYSIA TOGO CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALI TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CROATIA MALTA TUNISIA CUBA MARSHALL ISLANDS TURKEY CYPRUS MAURITANIA TURKMENISTAN CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MEXICO UKRAINE OF THE CONGO MONACO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MONGOLIA UNITED KINGDOM OF DJIBOUTI MONTENEGRO GREAT BRITAIN AND DOMINICA MOROCCO NORTHERN IRELAND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MOZAMBIQUE UNITED REPUBLIC ECUADOR MYANMAR OF TANZANIA EGYPT NAMIBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA EL SALVADOR NEPAL ERITREA NETHERLANDS URUGUAY ESTONIA NEW ZEALAND UZBEKISTAN ETHIOPIA NICARAGUA VANUATU FIJI NIGER VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN FINLAND NIGERIA REPUBLIC OF FRANCE NORWAY VIET NAM GABON OMAN YEMEN GEORGIA PAKISTAN ZAMBIA GERMANY PALAU ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. IAEA-TECDOC-1840 CASSAVA PRODUCTION GUIDELINES FOR FOOD SECURITY AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN ASIA AND AFRICA PREPARED BY THE JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2018 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books For further information on this publication, please contact: Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] © IAEA, 2018 Printed by the IAEA in Austria June 2018 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Names: International Atomic Energy Agency. Title: Cassava production guidelines for food security and adaptation to climate change in Asia and Africa / International Atomic Energy Agency. Description: Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2018. | Series: IAEA TECDOC series, ISSN 1011–4289 ; no. 1840 | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: IAEAL 18-01153 | ISBN 978–92–0–101718–5 (paperback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Stable isotopes in soil fertility research. | Cassava — Climatic factors. | Cassava as food. | Food security. FOREWORD Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the third largest source of carbohydrates for humans and animals in the tropics, after rice and maize. People consume the cassava roots as a source of calories, while the leaves are eaten as a nutritious vegetable. Cassava is a major food crop in Africa, and both dry root chips and leaf silage are excellent feed for animals. However, declining soil fertility and soil erosion are serious problems on traditional cassava farms in both Africa and Asia, and together with climate change, have an adverse impact on cassava production in both continents. This publication was prepared following a special request from Member States in Africa and Asia working together in IAEA technical cooperation projects to enhance cassava production. It provides information on the best farm management practices and the use of nuclear and isotopic techniques to better understand nitrogen use efficiency. The guidelines will enable farmers to adapt their cassava production methods to a wide range of soil and agroclimatic conditions. This publication also provides an integrated crop management plan that addresses nutrients, weeds, insect pests and disease. By using improved crop management methods, farmers can optimize cassava yields and minimize production costs. The methods can also help to reduce or prevent land degradation caused by soil erosion, particularly on sloping lands, thereby protecting the local environment. This publication also details the development and use of improved cassava varieties with lower levels of cyanogenic glucosides and varieties of fortified with vitamin A, iron and protein. Their use will primarily improve nutrition of individuals in sub-Saharan Africa and some countries of Asia where cassava root is a main source of carbohydrates. Finally, the guidelines emphasize the importance of a timely harvest and proper post-harvest processing of cassava roots and leaves into a range of products including food and animal feed, but also for industrial materials such as cassava starch, feedstock for biofuel and even a biopesticide made from cassava leaves. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was M. Zaman of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. EDITORIAL NOTE This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the contributors and has not been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA. The views expressed remain the responsibility of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the IAEA or its Member States. Neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of this publication. This publication does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The IAEA has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. CONTENTS SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 5 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 7 2. HISTORY OF CASSAVA .......................................................................................... 8 3. CASSAVA PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTS AND PRODUCTIVITY .................... 8 4. CASSAVA PRODUCTION STATISTICS .................................................................. 8 5. MULTIPLE USES OF CASSAVA ............................................................................ 10 5.1. FOOD AND BEVERAGES ......................................................................... 10 5.2. AS A LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FEED ............................................... 12 5.3. INDUSTRIAL STARCH ............................................................................. 12 5.4 AS A FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOFUEL (RENEWABLE ENERGY) ................ 12 5.5. MEDICINAL USES .................................................................................... 13 5.6. NANMA: A CASSAVA BASED BIO-PESTICIDE ..................................... 13 6. CONSTRAINTS TO CASSAVA PRODUCTION IN ASIA AND SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA ...............................................................................................