The toleration of dual citizenship has become a global trend as states try to retain ties to their emigrants or to encourage their immigrants to naturalise. DUAL CITIZENSHIP This volume examines changes in state attitudes to dual citizenship AND NATURALISATION and their social impact from political science, sociological and legal perspectives. It zooms in from analyses of global dynamics to a series of European case studies that illustrate the variety Global, Comparative of reasons and intentions behind dual citizenship reform. and Austrian Perspectives Finally, five chapters provide the most thorough analysis of (eds) Max and Haller Bauböck Rainer Rainer Bauböck and Max Haller (eds) the special Austrian case so far. They show the size of Austria’s untapped potential for naturalisation of immigrants, the incoherence of its citizenship policies at home and abroad and the need for a comprehensive reform. RAINER BAUBÖCK is Professor at the European University Institute, Florence and chair of the Commission for Migration and Integration Research/ÖAW. MAX HALLER is em. Prof. of Sociology at the University of Graz and vice-chair of the Commission for Migration and Integration Research/ ÖAW. DUAL CITIZENSHIP AND NATURALISATION oeaw.ac.at/kmi ISBN 978-3-7001-8775-2 9 783700 187752 Made in Europe Rainer Bauböck and Max Haller (eds) Dual Citizenship and Naturalisation: Global, Comparative and Austrian Perspectives Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Philosophisch-historische Klasse · Sitzungsberichte, 910. Band Rainer Bauböck and Max Haller (eds) Dual Citizenship and Naturalisation: Global, Comparative and Austrian Perspectives Accepted by the publication committee of the Division of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Austrian Academy of Sciences: Michael Alram, Bert G. Fragner, Andre Gingrich, Hermann Hunger, Sigrid Jalkotzy-Deger, Renate Pillinger, Franz Rainer, Oliver Jens Schmitt, Danuta Shanzer, Peter Wiesinger, Waldemar Zacharasiewicz This publication was subject to international and anonymous peer review. Peer review is an essential part of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Press evaluation process. Before any book can be accepted for publication, it is assessed by international specialists and ultimately must be approved by the Austrian Academy of Sciences Publication Committee. The paper used in this publication is DIN EN ISO 9706 certified and meets the requirements for permanent archiving of written cultural property. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-3-7001-8775-2 Copyright © 2021 Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Layout: Crossdesign, Graz Print: Prime Rate, Budapest https://epub.oeaw.ac.at/8775-2 https://verlag.oeaw.ac.at Made in Europe Table of Contents List of authors ................................................................ 7 List of Tables and Figures . 9 Preface Rainer Bauböck and Max Haller ................................................. 13 1. Introduction Max Haller and Rainer Bauböck ......................................... 17 I. Citizenship Identity and Utility in Global Perspective ..................... 31 2. (Dual) Citizenship and National Identity in a Globalised World: Sociological Perspectives Max Haller ............................................................. 33 3. The Toleration of Dual Citizenship: A Global Trend and its Limits Rainer Bauböck ........................................................ 59 4. The Past and (Post-COVID) Future of Dual Citizenship Peter J. Spiro . 81 5. Strategic Dual Citizenship: Global Dynamics of Supply and Demand Yossi Harpaz ........................................................... 97 II. Dual Citizenship in Comparative Perspective ............................. 119 6. Dual Citizenship Acceptance and Immigrant Naturalisation Propensity in the Netherlands: The Relevance of Origin- and Destination-Country Rules Floris Peters and Maarten Vink .......................................... 121 7. Kin Citizenship in Eastern Europe Szabolcs Pogonyi ...................................................... 141 8. The Danish Turn Towards Dual Citizenship Eva Ersbøll ............................................................. 157 9. Dual Citizenship in Italy: An Ambivalent and Contradictory Issue Günther Pallaver and Guido Denicolò ................................... 183 6 Table of Contents III. Austrian Citizenship at Home and Abroad ................................ 205 10. Non-Toleration of Dual Citizenship in Austria Rainer Bauböck and Gerd Valchars ...................................... 207 11. The Potential for Naturalisation in Austria: A Statistical Approximation Stephan Marik-Lebeck .................................................. 229 12. Does Citizenship Promote Integration? An Austrian Case Study of Immigrants from the Former Yugoslavia and Turkey Raimund Haindorfer and Max Haller .................................... 253 13. The View of Expatriate Austrians on Dual Citizenship: The Results of a Worldwide Survey Florian Gundl .......................................................... 275 14. Does Dual Citizenship Endanger Ethnic Cohabitation? How the South Tyrolean Population Views a Supplementary Austrian Citizenship Hermann Atz and Max Haller ........................................... 293 7 List of authors Hermann Atz, Political Scientist and Physicist, Partner and CEO of Apollis – Institute of Social Research and Opinion Polling in Bolzano-Bozen. Email: [email protected] Rainer Bauböck, Professor at the Robert Schuman Centre of the EUI, Chair of the Com- mission for Migration and Integration Research (KMI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Email: [email protected] Eva Ersbøll, Senior Researcher Emerita at the Danish Institute for Human Rights. Email: [email protected] Guido Denicolò, Avvocato dello Stato, Avvocatura dello Stato, Trento. Email: [email protected] Florian Gundl, Institute of Sociology, University of Graz, Austria. Email: [email protected] Raimund Haindorfer, Senior-Postdoc, Department of Sociology, University of Salzburg. Email: [email protected] Max Haller, Emeritus Professor of Sociology, University of Graz, Austria, and Vice-Chair of the Commission for Migration and Integration Research (KMI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Email: [email protected] Yossi Harpaz, Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel-Aviv University. Email: [email protected] Stephan Marik-Lebeck, Head of the Unit ‘Demography and Health’ at Statistics Austria. Email: [email protected] Günther Pallaver, Emeritus Professor of Political Science, University of Innsbruck (Aus- tria). Senior Researcher, Eurac Research, Bolzano/Bozen (Italy). Email: [email protected] Floris Peters, Postdoctoral Researcher at the Department of Political Science, Maastricht University. Email: [email protected] Szabolcs Pogonyi, Associate Professor on the Nationalism Studies Program, Central European University, Vienna. Email: [email protected] 8 List of authors Peter J. Spiro, Charles R. Weiner Professor of Law, Temple University, Philadelphia, Co-Di- rector, Institute for International Law and Public Policy. Email: [email protected] Gerd Valchars, Political Scientist, Lecturer at the Universities of Vienna and Klagenfurt and at the University of Applied Sciences Campus, Vienna. Email: [email protected] Maarten Vink, Chair of Citizenship Studies, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence. Email: [email protected] 9 List of Tables and Figures List of Tables Table 2.1. The relevance of citizenship among eight characteristics of a person’s na- tional identity, as seen by the population in 20 countries in 2013 (%) Table 2.2. The identification of immigrants from the former Yugoslavia and from Turkey living in Austria with their countries of origin and destination (%) Table 2.3. Characteristics and virtues of a “good citizen”: popular opinions in 38 coun- tries around the world in 2013–2014 (%) Table 3.1. Dual citizenship in incoming and outgoing naturalisations in 2016 Table 5.1. Prevalence and characteristics of dual citizenship in selected countries Table 6.1. Descriptive statistics, cohorts 1985–1997 Table 6.2. Cox proportional hazard regression on the risk of naturalisation, cohorts 1985–1997. Table 9.1. Countries with the highest percentage of Italian citizens in 2019 (in %) Table 9.2. Countries of origin of foreign citizens in Italy 2019 (in %) Table 11.1. Residents who acquired citizenship as a share of resident non-citizens by former citizenship 2012–2018 in selected EU/EFTA countries (in %) Table 11.2. Population in Austria on 1/1/2020 by citizenship and length of registered stay Table 11.3. Population in Austria on 1/1/2020 by EU/EFTA citizenship and length of registered stay Table 11.4. Population in Austria on 1/1/2020 by non-EU/EFTA citizenship and length of registered stay Table 11.5. Population in Austria on 1/1/2020 by non-European citizenship and length of registered stay Table 11.6. Underage population in Austria on 1/1/2020 by citizenship and length of registered stay Table 11.7. Evolution of foreign population in Austria staying ten years or more in Austria 2012–2020 and naturalisations in Austria, 2012–2020 Table 12.1. Descriptive statistics for the variables of the regression analyses Table 12.2. Logistic regressions: effects of citizenship on being employed and on gender role attitudes Table 12.3. Linear regressions: the effects of citizenship on social contacts with Austri- ans, attitudes