Art inTime A World History of Styles and Movements The Information Age: The Space Age: The World at War: Twenty-first to Late Twentieth Century Mid-Twentieth Century Early Twentieth Century Preface 9 Internet Art 13 Institutional Critique 53 St Ives School 125 Relational Art 15 Mono-ha 55 Regionalism 127 Glossary 353 Young British Artists 17 Body Art 57 Harlem Renaissance 129 Index 361 Abject Art 19 Arte Povera 59 Socialist Realism 131 Image Credits 365 ’85 New Wave 21 Post-Minimalism 61 Group f/64 133 Cuban Renaissance 23 Conceptualismo 63 Chinese Woodblock Movement 135 Contemporary Aboriginal Art 25 Conceptual Art 65 Concrete Art 137 Neo-Geo 27 Minimalism 67 Precisionism 139 Postmodernism 29 Computer Art 71 Santiniketan 141 Düsseldorf School 31 Photorealism 73 Neue Sachlichkeit 143 Neo-Expressionism 33 Postcolonial African Art 75 Mexican Renaissance 145 School of London 35 Pop Art 77 New Culture Movement 149 New Topographics 37 Fluxus 81 Surrealism 151 Land Art 39 Kinetic Art 83 Bauhaus 155 Feminism 43 Bay Area Funk 85 Purism 157 Video Art 47 Viennese Actionism 87 De Stijl 159 Nouveau Réalisme 89 Dada 161 Neo-Dada 91 Constructivism 163 Guohua 93 Suprematism 165 Progressive Artists Group 95 Vorticism 167 Neo-Concretism 97 Futurism 169 Lettrism 99 Pittura Metafisica 171 Assemblage 101 Bloomsbury Group 173 Jikken Kōbō 103 Orphism 175 Colour Field Painting 105 Der Blaue Reiter 177 Abstract Expressionism 107 Die Brücke 179 Gutai 111 Cubism 181 Tachisme 113 Photo-Secession 185 Arte Madí 115 Fauvism 187 Cobra 117 Vienna Secession 189 Art Brut 119 Primitivism 191 The Industrial Revolution: The Age of Enlightenment: The Age of Discovery: The Renaissance: The Medieval World: The Classical Age: Nineteenth Century Eighteenth Century Seventeenth Century Sixteenth to Fourteenth Centuries Thirteenth to Fourth Century Third Century AD to Fifth Century BC Nabis 197 Neo-Classicism 247 Rinpa School 271 Counter-Reformation 295 Gothic 319 Roman Painting 341 Yōga Painting 199 Company Painting 249 Deccani Painting 273 Kanō School 297 Romanesque 321 Hellenistic 343 Nihonga Painting 201 Picturesque 251 Tosa School 275 Mannerism 299 Monumental Landscape 323 Classical 345 Les Vingt 203 Grand Manner 253 Qing Orthodoxy 277 Venetian School 301 Literati Painting 325 Northern Nomad Art 349 Synthetism 205 Rajasthani Painting 255 Dutch Golden Age 279 Zhe School 303 Academic Painting 327 Symbolism 207 Pahari Painting 257 Spanish Golden Age 281 Northern Renaissance 305 Ottonian 329 Post-Impressionism 209 Ukiyo-e 259 French Baroque 283 Italian Renaissance 309 Carolingian 331 Neo-Impressionism 211 Rococo 261 Flemish Baroque 285 Wu School 313 Celtic 333 Japonisme 213 Mughal Painting 263 Italian Baroque 287 Byzantine 335 Impressionism 215 Qing Eccentricity 265 Luminism 219 Aesthetic Movement 221 Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 223 Barbizon School 225 Shanghai School 227 Realism 229 Orientalism 231 Hudson River School 233 Juste Milieu 235 Nazarenes 237 Romanticism 239 Nanga 241 Preface Art styles and movements are created or Art in Time examines each style or move- identified in many different ways. Some are ment in the context of the times in which fashioned by groups of like-minded artists it arose, because an understanding of the who share a similar way of thinking or society and culture in which artists live is looking. Others are created in retrospect, crucial to understanding their art. For art by historians who seek to understand art history is cultural history, and all art is cul- based on shared affinities of technique or turally specific. The visual syntax of Cubism, theme. Yet others are born out of political for example, inspired in part by Picasso’s causes or in reaction to social or cultural fascination with the non-Western tradition circumstances – an attempt to alter history of African masks, was taken up by artists or reinforce the status quo or reject both worldwide but translated in different ways, in a determination to start again. especially among artists working outside the Art in Time introduces some 150 of the West, and the result was expressive of their most important and influential styles, own artistic climate. schools and movements, spanning not just Looking at the history of art from where the Western tradition but also styles from we stand today reveals it to be diverse and India, China, Japan, Latin America and often sepentine, moving freely across a Africa. Beginning with the present day and wide-range of disciplines and influences. moving back in time, the reader is encour- A work such as Empirical Construction, Istanbul aged to discover the way art plays with, and (1), by Julie Mehretu, an American artist born builds on, earlier ideas and beliefs – recon- in Ethiopia, reflects the overstimulation of necting the dots or, indeed, finding new contemporary global society, and at the same dots to connect. Someone familiar with time its inescapable links to the past. Strad- Young British Art of the 1990s and Neo-Geo dling Europe and Asia, Istanbul was capital 9 creations of the 1980s, for example, will of the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman discover that Jeff Koons and Damien Hirst empires. With its flags, Islamic motifs and borrowed from the irreverent attitudes and ancient Hagia Sofia church/mosque/muse- Ready-mades of early twentieth-century um at the centre, this densely layered work Preface Dada, glorifying and commercializing explores themes of nationalism, religion, art, Duchamp’s anti-art gestures. Chinese art- sport and politics in the context of a chaotic, ists of the mid-1980s, part of the ‘85 New exhilarating, modern metropolis. Wave movement, directly referenced mid- The intersections between the political, twentieth century Socialist Realism from religious, economic and cultural timelines both China and Russia, stealing the signs of disparate societies and art practices show 1 and symbols of a state-enforced style to use that art is not created in a vacuum, chrono- ironically as protest art. Mid-twentieth cen- logical or geographical. There is no right or tury Abstract Expressionism had its roots wrong way to understand the history of art, in the nineteenth century, when Impres- and the ever-shifting modes of constructing sionism first loosened the painter’s brush, and deconstructing the discipline defy and the Italian Renaissance is largely stagnation. This book is an invitation to see responsible for how we think of Classical art anew, adapting and reshaping the ways art today. we interpret the world around us. 1 Julie Mehretu, Empirical Construction, Istanbul, 2003 Ink and synthetic polymer paint on canvas, 304.8 × 457.2 cm / 10 × 15 ft Museum of Modern Art, New York The Information Age: Twenty-first to Late Twentieth Century Internet Art 13 Relational Art 15 Young British Artists 17 Abject Art 19 ’85 New Wave 21 Cuban Renaissance 23 Contemporary Aboriginal Art 25 Neo-Geo 27 Postmodernism 29 Düsseldorf School 31 Neo-Expressionism 33 School of London 35 New Topographics 37 Land Art 39 Feminism 43 Video Art 47 World Wide Web released, 1990 XXII Olympic Winter 2014 Prime minister Tayyip Games held in Erdoğan attempts to shut Sochi, Russia down Twitter and other Internet Art social networks in Turkey Russia annexes Crimea following the removal of Ukraine President Viktor Yanukovych and a Crimean referendum Pope Benedict XVI resigns, 2013 American Edward the first to do so voluntarily Snowden reveals US When the World Wide Web launched in the In the chaotic and politicized public since 1294; Pope Francis mass electronic early 1990s it signified the start of a new era, space of the internet, it is not suprising that becomes the first Jesuit surveillance programme pope, and the first pope opening an epoch of globalized networks artists have sought to address and protect from the Americas Google turns off China and computers, paralleling the emergence its democratic autonomy. Web Stalker censorship warning of a unipolar world after the recent collapse (1997–8), a project created by the collabora- China overtakes the US 2012 of the Soviet Bloc. As a developing network, tive group I/O/D, offered users an alterna- as the world’s largest trading nation the internet became a space for exploration tive web browser that revealed the inner and experimentation within which entirely workings – the HTML coding – of any Russian punk band Pussy Riot are charged with new categories of community, interaction visited website. The Yes Men were famously ‘hooliganism motivated and creativity could be imagined. Internet able to disrupt and satirize the World Trade by religious hatred’ following a protest in art – also referred to as Digital art, net.art Organization by cloning and altering the a Moscow cathedral or Web art – emerged as a direct response WTO’s official website, with a member of Anti-government 2011 to this technology, with artists approach- the group eventually appearing on televi- demonstrations in Tunisia ing the internet as an artistic medium to sion as a ‘representative’ of the interna- inaugurate Arab Spring, be explored, shaped and challenged. While tional body. Projects like these blur the toppling regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and the promise of an art that is universally line between artwork and political activism Yemen, and sparking civil accessible and infinitely expandable can and recall the history of such online action war in Syria be traced back to the aspirations of earlier groups as the Free Software Movement, Protesters converge on twentieth-century avant-gardes, Internet founded in 1983 by computer programmer Zuccotti Park in New York’s Financial District and art is unique in that it uses and repurposes and activist Richard Stallman (b. 1953), the Occupy Wall Street the defining tool of the information age. as well the more recent whistleblowing movement begins, later spreading to 82 countries A key feature of this art is its examination organization Wikileaks.