http://www.aina.org/assyria.htm This page is concerned with dispelling some of the misconceptions and myths which abound concerning the ancient Assyrians. These scholarly quotes and historical references show how the ancient Assyrians have been maligned and that much propaganda has been written about them. It is anyone's guess as to why some authors seem to be obsessed with continuing these myths about the ancient Assyrians. We encourage you to copy and distribute the material below or to link this page to help spread the truth about the Assyrians. If you have any similar references please email them to AINA. "Most readers in the Western world will have met the Assyrians in the Bible. There they are found as the imperial power which destroyed the kingdom of Israel, taking the so-called 'ten tribes' into captivity. A generation later they attacked Jerusalem, capital of the sister kingdom of Judah. It is this latter attack which inspired Byron's poem beginning: ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ¨ ¢ © § ¢ ¡ ¢ © ¡ ¢ £ © ¡ § ¤ ¡ ¦ ¤ ¢ ¦ ¢ ¢ ¨ § © § © ¦ ¢ ¨ © Largely in consequence of the Bible and of Byron's poem, the Assyrians have a reputation in the English-speaking world for ruthless barbarity. They have been maligned . Certainly they could be rough and tough to maintain order, but they were defenders of civilization, not ! " ! ! # $ barbarian destroyers." (H.W.F. Saggs, , p. 2) "Furthermore, the Assyrian practice should not be considered in the light of the highest Christian ideals-which in the wars of the twentieth century A.D. have been so frequently forgotten- but by comparison with the contemporary standards, (of their time) of which instructive examples may be found in the book of Kings. Baasha, on taking the throne of Israel from Joroboam's successor, wiped out , with the approval of the prophets of Jehovah, the whole family of Jeroboam (1 kings xv. 25-30): Zimri, also with prophetic approval, did the same to Baasha's family on usurping the throne in his turn (1 kings xvi. 8-13), and in this case, as Zimri had a reign of only seven days, the royal assassin wasted no time in deliberating on the matter or attempting to contrive a convincing pretext to satisfy public opinion. When one king, Ahab, did show magnanimity to a defeated enemy, he was bitterly denounced by one of the prophets (kings xx. 30-40). ...Another Israelite monarch, Jehu having exterminated seventy sons of Ahab and all his surviving relatives, together with forty-two sons of Ahaziah and a great multitude of misguided but otherwise inoffensive followers of Baal, received the enthusiastic approval of influential section of the worshippers of Jehovah (2 Kings 1-30). As a final example of ancient standards, Menahem, on capturing a certain district, ripped up all the pregnant women (2 Kings xv, 16) without bringing down on himself any condemnation for this particular atrocity."... As to http://www.aina.org/assyria.htm comparison with contemporary warfare, there is very little in the more gruesome sections of the Assyrian royal annals that can not be equaled or exceeded from the records of events in $ ¡ ! ! Europe and Africa (Black and White) since 1939." (H.W.F. Saggs, ! ¢ £ # ¤ ¥ ¡ , pp. 239-240) "It must be noted, however, that these atrocities were usually reserved for those local princes and their nobles who had revolted and that in contrast with the Israelites, for instance, who exterminated the Amalekites for purely ethno-cultural reasons, the Assyrians never indulged ¡ ¦ ¡ § $ ¨ in systematic genocides." (Georges Roux, " , Third Edition, p. 291) "The traditional picture that, I for one studied, is that of a brutal power which ruthlessly subjugated its subjects and neighboring countries. Assyrian culture is not a word usually mentioned in this context. In the recent years we are witnessing a change. I would say that the traditional position which is based on Assyrian royal annals and Assyrian palace reliefs was not totally wrong because it was conveyed to us by the Assyrians themselves, but it was awfully one sided and misleading. It's as if our own notion of the United States were founded based on the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War or its police function in South America. Today, we see Assyria in a more complicated and more many sided light. It emerges to us, above all, a country of nations, a multi national empire whose power, economic power played a decisive role, if not a more decisive role as military aspects. We know now that the empire did fight many wars, but most of them were very small scale, the army was not that big and most of the conflicts were solved by police forces, not by large scale interventions...The image of the Assyrians themselves has also changed. It has been known for a long time that the Assyrian king was the representative of God on earth. My own research indicates that this view was not limited to the king but also to the government, so that the Assyrian government portrayed itself or was pictured as the symbol of the heavens on earth. Reflecting this, the Assyrian high officials wore stamp seals which throughout display religious motifs, we see the tree of life, emblems of God etc., depicted on the seals. Most important of all, our picture has not under done a change only in terms of royal ideology, but we can see also a serious commercial power as archeological excavations carried out in Israel, for instance, have shown Assyrian economic involvement had dimensions that resemble notions that we have from modern powers that were not ! ! # $ © ¥ projected upon Assyrians previously." ( " , Dr. Simo Parpola, University of Helsinki ) "The reader will soon notice that I actually like the Assyrians, warts and all: I make no apology for this. Though the Assyrians, like the people of every other nation ancient and modern, were sometimes less than kind to their fellow humans, I feel no compulsion to be continually advertising my own rightmindedness by offering judgment upon their every action or attitude in terms of current liberal othodoxy." (H.W.F. Saggs, ! " ! ! # $ , Preface) "A clear policy distinction was made between cities or territories which were newly being taken into the Assyrian orbit, and those already in the Assyrian orbit which had engaged in armed rebellion. It was only in cases of the latter sort, and then only in the most flagrant of these that such barbarous retribution was meted out to the conquered inhabitants." "Elsewhere in Ashurnasirpal's annals, where the military action recounted was a matter only of conquest and not of putting down a rebellion, there is no mention of mass atrocities; the http://www.aina.org/assyria.htm reference in such cases is only to the taking of prisoners, with no indication of executions or mutilations." "Anyone who has been brainwashed into believing that the Assyrians were uniquely sadistic should take a hard look at our own culture, as reflected in the following extract (quoted in the Financial Times) from a children.s TV programme in 1978: 'No one shall take his life but me. I shall flay the skin from his living body and wear it about me like a cloak.' Such atrocities as there were in Assyria were not sadism but deliberate punitive measures authorized, indeed, ordered, by the central Assyrian government in the person of the king." "There is no proven case of any atrocities committed by individual Assyrian soldiers as matters of mere sadism. It is true that there are some scenes on bas reliefs which do show the mutilation or barbarous killing (as by skinning) of prisoners, but the indications are that these represent what was done to ringleaders by order of the king, not random acts of barbarity by private soldiers. Indeed, there are indications that the king insisted on very strict discipline in the matter of treatment of prisoners-of-war, and one royal letter to an Assyrian administrator dealing with provisions for such prisoners actually warns the official: 'You ! shall not be negligent. If you are, you shall die.'" (H.W.F. Saggs, ! ! # $ " , pp.262-3) "The lecture referred to Prof. Parpola’s recent work which compares the Assyrian Tree of Life to the medieval Jewish Kabbalah, and suggests, amongst other ideas, a direct line of descent from Assyrian religion through Judaism into Christianity, finding the concept of a messianic figure or “saviour god” in Assyrian religion. Though Prof. Gruenwald, an expert in Jewish mysticism, admits there is much work to do, he believes that Prof. Parpola’s creative, remarkable and risk-taking study has “cracked open” a very long-standing mystery, ! ! # $ © ¤ ¥ $ # ¡ i.e. the origin of the Kabbalah." (Margot Stout Whiting, " ¤ ¤ ¥ ¡ " ! ! # $ ¡ ¢ £ ¤ $ ) "Thus, the Assyrian king, in perpetrating actions - sometimes including atrocities - which put the enemy into panic, thought of himself as, in the most literal sense, putting 'the fear of God' into those who might have it mind to oppose Assyria. This represented a conscious use by the Assyrians of terrorism not for sadistic purposes, but for psychological warfare. ...The psychological aspect of Assyrian warfare is also brought out by the manner in which bas reliefs with war scenes were used. In Ashur-nasir-pal's palace at Calah, scenes of war predominated in the bas reliefs only in the hall which probably served as an audience chamber; it is a reasonable conclusion that this predominance of war scenes was to reinforce in the minds of visiting rulers and ambassadors their consciousness of Assyrian military might. In other rooms of the palace the scenes were mostly of religious or ceremonial ! " ! ! # $ topics." (H.W.F. Saggs, , p. 249) "Amongst all the aspects of ancient Mesopotamian life, there are few which have been more widely misunderstood and misrepresented than the nature of Assyrian imperialism.