iii ICONOCLASM AND TEXT DESTRUCTION IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST AND BEYOND edited by NATALIE NAOMI MAY with contributions by Angelika Berlejung, Betsy M. Bryan, Robin Cormack, Petra Goedegebuure, Eleanor Guralnick†, Victor A. Hurowitz, Silke Knippschild, Nathaniel B. Levtow, Natalie N. May, W. J. T. Mitchell, Seth Richardson, Robert K. Ritner, Hanspeter Schaudig, JoAnn Scurlock, Claudia E. Suter, Lee Palmer Wandel, Joan G. Westenholz, and Christopher Woods Dedicated to the Memory of Eleanor Guralnick 1929–2012 THE ORIental INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHIcagO oriental institute seminars • number 8 CHIcagO, ILLINOIS vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFace ......................................................................... xi ABBREVIatIONS (cited by multiple authors) . ix 1. Iconoclasm and Text Destruction in the Ancient Near East ...................... 1 Natalie N . May, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago SECTION ONE: “ICONOCLASM BEGINS at SUMER” AND AKKAD 2. Mutilation of Text and Image in Early Sumerian Sources ........................ 33 Christopher Woods, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 3. Gudea of Lagash: Iconoclasm or Tooth of Time? ................................ 57 Claudia E . Suter, University of Basel, Switzerland 4. Damnatio Memoriae: Destruction of Name and Destruction of Person in Third-Millennium Mesopotamia .................................... 89 Joan G . Westenholz, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University SECTION TWO: ICONOCLASM AS AN INSTRUMENT OF POLITICS 5. Death of Statues and Rebirth of Gods ......................................... 123 Hanspeter Schaudig, University of Heidelberg 6. Shared Fates: The Assyrian Religious Policy in the West ......................... 151 Angelika Berlejung, University of Leipzig and University of Stellenbosch 7. Getting Smashed at the Victory Celebration, or What Happened to Esarhaddon’s so-called Vassal Treaties and Why ............................. 175 JoAnn Scurlock, Elmhurst College SECTION THREE: HOW THE Images DIE AND WHY? 8. Ali-talīmu – “Where is the Brother?,” or What Can Be Learned from the Destruction of Figurative Complexes” ................................ 187 Natalie N . May, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 9. The Hypercoherent icon: Knowledge, rationalization, and Disenchantment at Nineveh................................................. 231 Seth Richardson, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago SECTION FOUR: ICONOCLASM AND THE BIBLE 10. What Can Go Wrong with Idols? ............................................. 259 Victor A . Hurowitz, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 11. Text Destruction and Iconoclasm in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East ......................................................... 311 Nathaniel B . Levtow, The University of Montana SECTION FIVE: BEYOND MESOPOtamIA 12. Episodes of Iconoclasm in the Egyptian New Kingdom .......................... 363 Betsy M . Bryan, Johns Hopkins University vii viii table OF CONTENTS 13. Killing the Image, Killing the Essence: The Destruction of Text and Figures in Ancient Egyptian Thought, Ritual and ‘Ritualized History’ ............. 397 Robert K . Ritner, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 14. Hittite Iconoclasm: Disconnecting the Icon, Disempowering the Referent . 409 Petra M . Goedegebuure, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago SECTION SIX: CLASSIcal ANTIQUITY AND BYZANTIUM 15. Performing the Frontier: The Abduction and Destruction of Religious and Political Signifiers in Greco-Persian Conflicts .............................. 455 Silke Knippschild, University of Bristol 16. Looking for Iconophobia and Iconoclasm in Late Antiquity and Byzantium................................................................ 473 Robin Cormack . University of Cambridge, Great Britain SECTION SEVEN: REFOrmatION AND MODERNITY 17. Idolatry and Iconoclasm: Alien Religions and Reformation....................... 487 Lee Palmer Wandel, University of Wisconsin-Madison 18. Idolatry: nietzsche, blake, Poussin ........................................... 505 W . J . T . Mitchell, The University of Chicago 19. Supplement: a Partially re-cut relief from Khorsabad . 521 Eleanor Guralnick†, Chicago, Illinois ix ABBREVIATIONS (cited by multiple authors) general b.c.e. before the common era no(s). number(s) ca. circa, approximately obv. obverse c.e. common era p(p). page(s) cf. confer, compare pers. comm. personal communication cm centimeter(s) pl(s). plate(s) col(s). column(s) PN personal name DN deity name rev. reverse e.g. exempli gratia, for example RN royal name esp. especially s.v(v). sub verbo, under the word(s) et al. et alii, and others trans. translation etc. et cetera, and so forth v(v). verse(s) ex(x). example(s) f(f). and following museum signatures fig(s). figure(s) AO Department of Near Eastern Antiq- ibid. ibidem, in the same place uities, Musée du Louvre, Paris i.e. id est, that is BM British Museum, London lit. literally eŞ Eski Şark eserleri müzesi, istanbul m meter(s) IM Iraq Museum, Baghdad mng. meaning OIM Oriental Institute Museum, Chicago n(n). note(s) VA Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin publications AHw . Wolfram von Soden. Das akkadische Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1959–1981. CAD A. Leo Oppenheim et al., eds. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the university of Chicago. Chicago: the oriental institute, 1956–2010. DNP Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider, editors. Der Neue Pauly. 18 volumes. stuttgart: J. b. metzler, 1996–2003. ETCSL The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Jeremy B. Black, G. Cunning- ham, J. ebeling, e. Flückiger-Hawker, e. robson, J. taylor, and G. Zólyomi. oxford, 1998–2006. http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/ KAI Herbert Donner and Wolfgang Röllig. Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften. 5th edition. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2002. RIMA 1 A. Kirk Grayson. Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia B .C . (to 1115 B .C .) . The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods 1. Toronto: University of To- ronto Press, 1987. RIMA 2 A. Kirk Grayson. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium B .C ., Volume 1 (1114–859 B .C .). Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods 2. Toronto: University of toronto Press, 1991. ix x abbreviations (cited by multiple authors) RIMA 3 A. Kirk Grayson. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium B .C, . Volume 2 (858–745 B .C). Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods 3. Toronto: University of toronto Press, 1996. RIMB 2 Grant Frame. Rulers of Babylonia: From the Second Dynasty of Isin to the End of Assyrian Domination (1157–612 B .C .). Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Babylonian Periods 2. toronto: university of toronto Press, 1995. RIME 1 Douglas R. Frayne. Presargonic Period (2700–2350 B .C .) . The Royal Inscriptions of Meso- potamia, early Periods 1. toronto: university of toronto Press, 2008. RIME 2 Douglas R. Frayne. Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113 B .C .). The Royal Inscriptions of mesopotamia, early Periods 2. toronto: university of toronto Press, 1993. RIME 3/1 Dietz otto edzard. Gudea and His Dynasty. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, early Periods 3/1 toronto: university of toronto Press, 1997. RIME 3/2 Douglas r. Frayne. Ur III Period (2112–2004 B .C .). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, early Periods 3/2. toronto: university of toronto Press, 1997. RIME 4 Douglas R. Frayne. Old Babylonian Period (2003–1595 B .C .) . The Royal Inscriptions of mesopotamia, early Periods 4. toronto: university of toronto Press, 1990. SAA 2 Simo Parpola and Kazuko Watanabe. Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. State archives of assyria 2. Helsinki: Helsinki university Press, 1988. SAA 3 Alasdair Livingstone. Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea . State Archives of Assyria 3. Helsinki: university of Helsinki Press, 1989. SAA 7 F. Mario Fales and J. Nicholas Postgate. Imperial Administrative Records, Part 1: Palace and Temple Administration. State Archives of Assyria 7. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1992. SAA 10 Simo Parpola. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. State Archives of Assyria 10. Helsinki: Helsinki university Press, 1993. SAA 12 Laura Kataja and Robert Whiting. Grants, Decrees and Gifts of the Neo-Assyrian Period. state archives of assyria 12. Helsinki: Helsinki university Press, 1995. SAA 13 Steven W. Cole and Peter Machinist. Letters from Priests to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal. state archives of assyria 13. Helsinki: Helsinki university Press, 1998. SAA 15 Andreas Fuchs and Simo Parpola. The Correspondence of Sargon II, Part 3: Letters from Babylonia and the Eastern Provinces. State Archives of Assyria 15. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 2001. SAA 17 Manfried Dietrich. The Babylonian Correspondence of Sargon and Sennacherib. State Archives of Assyria 17. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 2003. saa 18 Frances s. reynolds. The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon and Letters to Assur- banipal and Sin-šarru-iškun from Northern and Central Babylonia. State Archives of As- syria 18. Helsinki: Helsinki university Press, 2003. x HITTITE ICONOCLASM: DISCONNECTING THE ICON, DISEMPOWERING THE REFERENT 409 14 HITTITE ICONOCLASM: DISCONNECTING THE ICON, DISEMPOWERING THE REFERENT Petra M. Goedegebuure, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago* INTRODUCTION Iconoclasm in Hittite society has not been studied before, with good reason: unlike else- where in the ancient Near East there is almost no evidence