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University, Microfilms International 300 N. Z eeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8 3 0 5 3 9 0 Schnelder*Sliwa, Rita Margarethe RURAL NONFARM EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION: THE CASE OF COSTA RICA The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1982 University Microfilms International300 N. 2eeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 4B106 Copyright 1982 by Schneider-Sliwa, Rita Margarethe All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or p ag es ______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print _____ 3. Photographs with dark background _____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy ______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy ____ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page ______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages _ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements ______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine --------- 10. Computer printout pages with Indistinct print ______ 11. Page(s) 17 lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)____________ seem to be missing In numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered _____________ . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages ______ 15. O ther _______________________________________________________________________ _ University Microfilms International RURAL NONFARM EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION: THE CASE OF COSTA RICA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio S tate U niversity By Rita Schneider-Sliwa ***** The Ohio S tate U niversity 1982 Reading Committee: Approved By Lawrence A. Brown ^ t ' | j Douglas L. Graham \ ( \ Howard L. Gauthier ^ Richard L. Meyer Adviser Department of Geography TO Ludvik, Linde, Monika, Lydia and Willi i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A I am grateful for the guidance provided by Dr. Lawrence A. Brown, who, along with other members of my committee, contributed so much to my intellectual development. I also want to acknowledge those who assisted me in various phases of the study, especially the Graduate School of The Ohio State University, whose Alumni Research Award provided financial support, The National Science Foundation under Grant SES-8024565, and Dr. Carolyn Hall de Saborio of the University of Costa Rica, Dr. Mario Kaminsky of the Interamerican Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture, and Jorge Gonzales of the United States Agency for International Development in Costa Rica. Mary Gorske's patient typing and re-typing of this dissertation is particularly appreciated. My very special thanks to Ludwik Sliwa and all those who provided support and encouragement during this period. i l l VITA October 26, 1953.......... .....Born - Oberhauaen, Heat Germany 1974 .................................................................. B.A., Geography Rhelniach - Westfalische Techniache Hochaehule Aachen, Vest Germany 1977 ...................................................................M.A., Geography The Ohio S tate U niversity Columbus, Ohio 1977-1981 ............ ....Teaching Associate, Department of Geography, The Ohio State U niversity, Columbus, Ohio 1981-1982 .........................................................Research Assiatant, Department of Geography, The Ohio State U niversity, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "Innovation Diffusion and Development in a Third World Setting: The Case of the Cooperative Movement in Sierra Leone." (Co-authors: L.A. Brown, M.E. Harvey, and B.J. Riddell). Social Bcience Quarterly. Vol. 60, No. 2, September, 1979. FIELDS OF STUDY Major: Geography iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................... i i i VITA............................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................... LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................ x l CHAPTER I . INTRODUCTION........................................................................................... 1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 Problem and Conceptual Framework ................................................. 3 Assumptions to be Examined .............. 8 Relevance of the Study ...................................................................... 8 Overview of the Following Chapters... .............. 11 I I . REVIEW OF PERTINENT LITERATURE..................................................... 12 Rural Nonfarm Employment and Sm all-Scale E n te r p r is e ..... 13 The S h ift Toward Rural Nonfarm Employment S tra te g ie s. 13 Advantages of Rural Nonfarm Employment in Development Strategies .......................................................... 17 Economic M u ltip lie r E ffe c ts .................. 18 Human Capital Effects.... .................. 24 Summary of the Subsection..,., .............. 25 M igration .................... 26 The M igration D ecision P r o c e s s ............................................ 26 The Theory of the Household ................................... 27 Individual Decision Making and Migration ................... 32 Macro Level Forces and Migration ............................................. 33 v Models Focusing on Economic F a c to rs .* ..* . ........*. .......... 36 The Labor Force Adjustment andDual Economy Model* 36 Cost-Benefit Models...- .............. 37 Models Focusing on Socio-C ultural F actors ...................... 40 The Role of Extended Family and Acquaintances..... 41 Migrant Selectivity by Social Class ...................... 42 A Development Paradigm of Migration.... 43 Summary of the Subsection ......................... , 44 The Consequences of Migration ........................ ............................ 46 The Disequilibrating Nature of Migration ......................... 47 Summary of the Subsection. ...................................................... 52 Summary of the Chapter ......................... 53 I I I . RESEARCH DESIGN AND STUDY AREA.................................................... 55 Research Design ........................... 55 Identification of Basic Dimensions of the Rural Non­ farm, A g ricultural and Urban Economic S ectors 57 Classification of Rural Areas.... .........* ............ 61 Procedure for Addressing the Research Questions...... 62 Data.................................................................................... 64 The Study Area ............. * ............... 67 Structural Characteristics .............. 70 Land D istrib u tio n ......................... 70 Agricultural Orientation in Production and Exports ................................... 71 Economic Dependence ...................... 74 Terms of T r a d e ..... .............................................................. 75 Economic Trends 1967-1974. ........................................... 76 Exports........................................................................................ 78 Imports .............. 82 The Growth of the Gross Domestic Product (G D P).... 83 Rural Poverty ....................... 83 Summary of the Chapter .......... 91 v i IV. PRINCIPLE DIMENSIONS OF THE RURAL NONFARM, AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN SECTORS AND CLASSIFICATION OF RURAL CANTONS BASED ON THESE DIMENSIONS.............................................................