Farm Animal Transport Farm • Claire A. • Claire Weeks Farm Animal Transport Edited by Claire A. Weeks Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Animals www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Farm Animal Transport Farm Animal Transport Editor Claire A. Weeks MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Claire A. Weeks University of Bristol UK Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Animals (ISSN 2076-2615) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals/special issues/ Farm Animal Transport). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03943-499-2 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03943-500-5 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Preface to ”Farm Animal Transport” ................................... ix Temple Grandin Welfare Problems in Cattle, Pigs, and Sheep that Persist Even Though Scientific Research Clearly Shows How to Prevent Them Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 124, doi:10.3390/ani8070124 .................... 1 Emily A. Buddle, Heather J. Bray and Rachel A. Ankeny “I Feel Sorry for Them”: Australian Meat Consumers’ Perceptions about Sheep and Beef Cattle Transportation Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 171, doi:10.3390/ani8100171 .................... 9 Stella Maris Huertas, Rick E. A. M. Kempener and Frank J. C. M. van Eerdenburg Relationship between Methods of Loading and Unloading, Carcass Bruising, and Animal Welfare in the Transportation of Extensively Reared Beef Cattle Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 119, doi:10.3390/ani8070119 .................... 23 Teresa Collins, Jordan O. Hampton and Anne L. Barnes A Systematic Review of Heat Load in Australian Livestock Transported by Sea Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 164, doi:10.3390/ani8100164 .................... 31 Barbara Padalino, Daniele Tullio, Saverio Cannone and Giancarlo Bozzo Road Transport of Farm Animals: Mortality, Morbidity, Species and Country of Origin at a Southern Italian Control Post Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 155, doi:10.3390/ani8090155 .................... 47 K¨athe Elise Kittelsen, Erik Georg Granquist, Agnete Lien Aunsmo, Randi Oppermann Moe and Elisiv Tolo An Evaluation of Two Different Broiler Catching Methods Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 141, doi:10.3390/ani8080141 .................... 61 Teresa Collins, Catherine A. Stockman, Anne L. Barnes, David W. Miller, Sarah L. Wickham and Patricia A. Fleming Qualitative Behavioural Assessment as a Method to Identify Potential Stressors during Commercial Sheep Transport Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 209, doi:10.3390/ani8110209 .................... 71 Viviana Bravo, Carmen Gallo and Gerardo Acosta-Jamett Effects of Short Transport and Prolonged Fasting in Beef Calves Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 170, doi:10.3390/ani8100170 .................... 93 Helena Sprafke, Rupert Palme, Paul Schmidt, Michael Erhard and Shana Bergmann Effect of Two Transport Options on the Welfare of Two Genetic Lines of Organic Free Range Pullets in Switzerland Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 183, doi:10.3390/ani8100183 ....................103 Douglas J. Aldridge, Kaushik Luthra, Yi Liang, Karen Christensen, Susan E. Watkins and Colin G. Scanes Thermal Micro-Environment during Poultry Transportation in South Central United States Reprinted from: Animals 2019, 9, 31, doi:10.3390/ani9010031 .....................119 v Yijie Xiong, Richard S. Gates and Angela R. Green-Miller Factors Affecting Trailer Thermal Environment Experienced by Market Pigs Transported in the US Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 203, doi:10.3390/ani8110203 ....................133 Gizella Aboagye, Stefania Dall’Olio, Francesco Tassone, Martina Zappaterra, Salvatore Carpino and Leonardo Nanni Costa Apulo-Calabrese and Crossbreed Pigs Show Different Physiological Response and Meat Quality Traits after Short Distance Transport Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 177, doi:10.3390/ani8100177 ....................153 Alice Cartoni Mancinelli, Alessandro Dal Bosco, Simona Mattioli, David Ranucci and Cesare Castellini Mobile Poultry Processing Unit as a Resource for Small Poultry Farms: Planning and Economic Efficiency, Animal Welfare, Meat Quality and Sanitary Implications Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 229, doi:10.3390/ani8120229 ....................167 Carolee Hinojosa, David Caldwell, James Byrd, Robert Droleskey, Jason Lee, Phil Stayer, Erin Resendiz, Javier Garcia, Stephanie Klein, Denise Caldwell, Megan Pineda and Morgan Farnell Use of Foaming Disinfectants and Cleaners to Reduce Aerobic Bacteria and Salmonella on Poultry Transport Coops Reprinted from: Animals 2018, 8, 195, doi:10.3390/ani8110195 ....................183 vi About the Editor Claire A. Weeks (Honorary Senior Research Fellow) has researched and reviewed the transport of most species of farmed animals and horses during her career. Her focus has been on the transport of poultry, investigating vehicle design, stocking density, and thermal stress during transit for pullets, layers, and broilers with numerous papers and book chapters. She has worked with NGOs, governments, and industry to ensure that recommendations are evidence-based and has developed a close relationship with industry facilitating the implementation of improved practices during commercial transport. Claire is currently a member of the working group developing a scientific opinion on the welfare of caged farm animals during transport for the European Food Standards Agency (EFSA)’s Animal Health and Welfare Panel reporting to the European Commission. vii Preface to ”Farm Animal Transport” This Special Issue considers the handling and transport of farmed land animals, of which there are some 70 billion produced annually. About two-thirds are farmed intensively within a segmented food chain at some distance from urbanised consumers of animal products. In the opening paper, Temple Grandin, who has spent a lifetime dedicated to improving animal handling, uses her predominantly North American experience to discuss reasons for the persistence of poor production and handling practices that have negative animal welfare and economic consequences. In many parts of the world, consumer awareness is driving the implementation of assurance schemes and legislation that aim to safeguard animal welfare at all stages, including transportation. The second paper explores consumer perceptions of sheep and cattle transport within and from Australia, where incidents in livestock transport by sea to the Middle East often hit the news. A review of the heat load and mortality experienced by cattle and sheep during sea transport in conditions of overcrowding and high ambient temperatures and humidity highlights the need for more research if such consignments are permitted to continue. Encouragingly, evidence emerges from Uruguay of the benefits of welfare training of truck drivers where the use of flags reduced the load time for cattle when compared with the use of prods or sticks, and overall bruising was reduced compared with aprevious study in 2008. In the European Union, both legislation, such as Regulation (EC) 1/2005 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations, and assurance scheme requirements have improved conditions during transit. It is important that surveillance data, such as mortality on long journeys, are analysed to drive further improvements. The outcome of just such a paper, which evaluated records from an Italian control post, indicated that high stocking densities of sheep/goats transported by road on long journeys are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Several papers explore aspects of catching and transport for different species and genotypes, investigating specific stressors, methods of identifying them, and their consequences (including for meat quality). A review paper considers mobile poultry processing units as an option for small-scale production, and the concluding paper investigates ways of cleaning poultry transport coops to minimise cross-contamination. The Special Issue, therefore, adds to the body of evidence that can be drawn upon to reduce the negative consequences of farm animal transport. It is increasingly evident that to achieve both good animal welfare and economic reward in practice requires both “ownership” and attention to detail throughout the whole chain from farm to slaughter. This likely will be driven by increased consumer awareness demanding assurance. Hopefully public awareness will also end the unnecessary long-distance transport of cattle and sheep by sea from Australia to the Middle East for slaughter, which is associated with high mortality and much suffering in overcrowded, hot, and humid conditions. Claire A. Weeks Editor ix animals Review Welfare Problems in Cattle, Pigs, and Sheep that Persist Even Though Scientific