Stop 1 Introduction: Hello, my name is Shannon and I’m Tod and we're instructors at Okanagan college in Penticton, British Columbia. We're going to be your leaders on a virtual tour of geomorphological features of the south Okanagan. So we're gonna learn why the landscape looks the way it does today. So we're gonna, we're gonna, visit sites that demonstrate glacial and fluvial processes, some weathering, plate tectonics, faulting all sorts of good stuff. All of the different um processes that have come together to create the beautiful south Okanagan landscape that so many people enjoy today you. Words on video: We respectfully acknowledge that this field trip takes place on the traditional and unceded territory of the Syilx Okanagan people. The Syilx Okanagan people have taken care of their homelands for thousands of years. We are respectful of the Syilx Okanagan people, their knowledge, language, and history, as well as their ongoing relationship to the land and natural world. To learn more about Syilx Okanagan people, their homelands, governance, and of special interest to fieldtrip, their relationship to water, please visit https://www.syilx.org/. 1 Stop 2 Munson Mountain [00:03] We're starting our field tour up on top of Munson Mountain, which unbeknownst to most people is a volcano. “What?” I hear you ask, “There's a volcano in Penticton?” Mhhmm. The cool thing about this volcano though is that it wasn't actually formed here, it was formed much further to the east. Well how on earth did it get here? Another question we want to answer, why is Okanagan Lake where it is today? Why does the Okanagan valley have the shape that it does? Well to start telling this story we have to go far back in time to the formation of British Columbia. British Columbia was formed by the process called accretion of terrains. Volcanic island arcs off the coast were pushed by a plate tectonics up onto the North American Crater. In doing so we created these north-south trending valleys, one of which is the Okanagan valley. Now the Okanagan valley actually came into being when those pushing forces relaxed. At that point in time we also got this volcanic activity which created Munson Mountain. As I said though Munson Mountain wasn't created where it is located today. Instead, it was further to the east, again closer in time to today we had other movements. Uplift to the east which pushed some of those volcanic features um to slide down off to the west. Now the Okanagan valley, it sits at the boundary between two major geologic belts the um the intermontane belt to the left and the omnica belt to the right or to the east sorry, the ominica belts to the east and the intermontane belt is to the left. This is the major reason why we have such different types of rocks on the east side of Okanagan Lake compared to the west side. [02:03] Words on screen: A bit more detail on the plate tectonic action. Let's take a look at the formation of B.C. in a little more detail. So, this all occurred during the Jurassic period which lasted from 180 to 60 million years ago. At this time the North American craton, basically it ends at the Rockies where Alberta, is was moving to the west. At the same time an intermontane super terrain had gathered together off the coast from a series of volcanic island arcs was heading east. When these two masses crashed into each other material that had been on the seafloor off the coast of the craton was pushed up to form the Rocky Mountains. With the forces involved in the intermontane, the intermontane super terrain smashing into the craton the ominica belt, so the region sitting closest to the craton, was metamorphosed. [03:19] During an ear scene from 55 to 34 million years ago we saw a major change in the forces that were being applied to our area of interest. Instead of being compressed we had relaxation off to the west here. With this crustal relaxation and crustal thinning, we got a lot of volcanic activity. At the same time the climate was a lot wetter and so large river systems developed. It was large paleo river systems, such as those that contributed to the White Lake formation. During this time the Penticton group volcanics were also developed. So, these are interlayered formations of material deposited by volcanic eruptions covered up by paleo river deposits covered up again by volcanic eruptions. [04:20] It was during the Oligocene 36 to 24 million years ago that the Okanagan fault finally pulled apart to create the Okanagan Valley. Two forces combined, uplift of the Okanagan metamorphic complex which created the Monashee Mountains and this continued tensional force pulling off to the west. The result was the Penticton group volcanics, the volcanic and sedimentary formations that had been sitting on top of the metamorphics, slid off to the west 2 leaving stranded on the east side of the lake Munson Mountain. Now I say east side of the lake because in the south Okanagan the Okanagan fault runs pretty much straight through the center of the valley, which is straight through the middle of the lake. Now the Okanagan fault is a normal fault, the foot wall rose. [05:16] Words on screen: Back to the view... Before we move on let's do a 360 tour of all the different places that we can see from here many of these you'll visit as you go through your field trip today. So starting to the north behind me we have the beautiful Narramata bench, which is some very delicious wine growing on top of some sediments deposited by glacial processes. Further into the distance um you can see Okanagan Mountain Park. Moving around the very deep um rather large Okanagan Lake which runs all the way from north of Vernon down here to Penticton. On the west side of Okanagan Lake you'll notice a number of features that look um smooth on one side and like little drop-offs on the other. So one of the most famous is Giant's Head moving further around we have Mount Nkwala. Now both of these were formed by a combination of volcanic and glacial processes. Underneath um closer down to the lake you see the silt cliffs again deposited by glacial processes. Moving around even further sitting down here on this very, very flat area we have Penticton itself in full bloom in these lovely fall colors. In the distance, you see the other lake that we have sandwiching us here in Penticton, Skaha Lake. Now once upon a time, Okanagan Lake and Skaha Lake were one lake and you'll learn in a different field stop how Penticton itself came to be where it is. Moving all the way around here to the east we have Campbell Mountain famous as a local very excellent place to go mountain biking provided you can stay on the trails. Also, home, not so much a geomorphological feature but very important to the local community is the landfill, enjoy. 3 Stop 3 Giants Head [00:05] Welcome back to our tour of the south Okanagan. At this stop we're looking across the lake so we're up above uh the village of Naramata and the Naramata bench looking across at a feature called Giant's Head. Giant's Head is an extinct dacite dome volcano erupted in the Eocene um and it has been highly modified by glacial activity, it's shape. So we're going to zoom in a bit on Giant's Head here so we can look at its shape. All right, so um this area was glaciated, as we all know, glaciers flowed from the north to the south and we can see on the north side, the right side, of giant's head here we have um a fairly gentle and smooth slope leading up to the summit. Whereas on the left side or south side we have essentially a cliff a very steep, steep slope and this is a function of the way that glaciers as they're flowing interact with obstacles in their path and in this case it creates a feature called a roche moutonnée. [01:14] So what happens is we have ice flowing in from the right um, from the north, it encounters this obstacle and that increases the pressure at the base of the ice. This pressure increase causes a decrease in the pressure melting point allowing the ice to to melt at temperatures below zero, which means we get liquid water on the bottom. Allows the glacier to flow over top um with sort of a little bit less erosive power; and then as it crests the summit and starts going over that pressure is released and the um ice refreezes or the pressure decreases and the ice refreezes and it can pluck out chunks of rock um, resulting in this very steep face. [02:09] We can also see I'm just going to zoom out whoops zoom out here, that these features are pretty common in this area. So just to the south of Giants Head we see another similar um feature and then as we're looking back south towards Penticton, we have Separatist Mountain and Mount Nkwala that both show these same shapes. 4 Stop 4 A Glacial Erratic [00:05] Good morning, welcome to another beautiful spring day in the Okanagan.