Background Report on EU-27 District Heating and Cooling Potentials, Barriers, Best Practice and Measures of Promotion David Andrews Anna Krook Riekkola Evangelos Tzimas Joana Serpa Johan Carlsson Nico Pardo-Garcia Ioulia Papaioannou 2 0 1 2 Report EUR 25289 EN . European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy and Transport Contact information David Andrews Address: Joint Research Centre, P.O. Box 2, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +31 224 56 5448 Fax: +31-224-565616 http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ This publication is a Scientific and Policy Report by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/. JRC68846 EUR 25289 EN ISBN 978-92-79-23882-6 (online) ISSN 1831-9424 (online) doi: 10.2790/47209 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012 © European Union, 2012 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Cover picture adopted from PowerGen Europe 2007 paper of Jan de Wit, Danish Gas Technology Centre. Background Report on EU-27 district heating and cooling potentials, barriers, best practice and measures of promotion 1. Executive summary ......................................................................................................9 2. Summary of contents ..................................................................................................16 3. Overview and general concepts – combined heat and power with district heating in europe – why it saves energy......................................................................................20 3.1. Combined Heat and Power and District Heating........................................................20 3.2. CHP heat carbon and fuel content ..............................................................................20 3.3. All the energy savings for CHP occur in the heat sector, not the electricity sector ...21 3.4. The method commonly used in Denmark for analysing energy content of heat from different sources..........................................................................................................21 3.5. The standard method of showing CHP-DH energy savings - the primary energy savings of CHP ...........................................................................................................24 3.6. Individual heat pumps in large cities for heating purposes – potential stress on power grids ............................................................................................................................26 3.7. The benefits of CHP-DH ............................................................................................27 4. Is chp-dh economic compared to separate production?..............................................29 4.1. Is CHP-DH economic in Denmark because of the colder climate, and not therefore applicable to the rest of Europe? ................................................................................29 4.2. Joint Research Centre / Institute of Energy and Transport.........................................30 4.3. Energy Paper 35 (UK Government – 1979) ...............................................................30 4.4. IEA Study ...................................................................................................................30 4.5. Energy Policy Study - “An assessment of the present and future opportunities for combined heat and power with district heating (CHP-DH) in the United Kingdom” 31 4.6. AEA Energy & Environment, Building Research Establishment (BRE) and PB Power study ................................................................................................................32 4.7. AECOM Study............................................................................................................32 4.8. Newton Abbott, South West England Study ..............................................................33 5. The conversion of fuels to electricity in electricity-only power stations....................34 6. Long term prospect for CHP-DH heat loads ..............................................................36 6.1. CHP-DH role in integrating fluctuating renewable energy ........................................36 6.2. Temporal persistence of heat loads.............................................................................37 6.3. The low energy Passivehaus – CHP-DH is still recommended.................................38 6.4. Application of CHP-DH and DC – type of suitable buildings ...................................38 6.5. CHP-DH is not considered incompatible with low energy buildings.........................40 7. Potential growth rates of chp-dh, price levels in europe and penetration...................41 7.1. Rate of growth of District Cooling sales ....................................................................44 7.2. European District heat price levels:............................................................................44 7.3. Present contribution to heating of CHP-DH...............................................................45 7.4. Total share of CHP in national electricity production ................................................46 3 8. Smart cities heat and power grids...............................................................................47 8.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................47 8.2. The Copenhagen Region example of implementation of smart city features.............48 8.3. AECOM paper on impact of smart heat grids to UK .................................................51 9. District heating technology - sources of heat .............................................................52 9.1. Sources of heating and cooling...................................................................................52 9.2. Current sources of heat for District Heating in the EU27 ..........................................53 9.3. Industrial Waste heat ..................................................................................................54 9.4. Current sources of heat for District Heating in Sweden .............................................54 9.5. Solar heat ....................................................................................................................55 9.6. Multiple heat sources..................................................................................................58 9.7. Geothermal Heat.........................................................................................................59 9.8. Heat only boilers.........................................................................................................59 9.9. District Heating based on Fossil fired Heat only boilers............................................61 9.10. Biomass fired heat only boilers ..................................................................................61 9.11. Temporary Boilers ......................................................................................................61 9.12. Small gas engine CHP units .......................................................................................62 9.13. Large heat pumps as sources of heat for District Heating ..........................................62 9.14. Nuclear power station waste heat ...............................................................................63 10. Heat /thermal storage in accumulators in dh schemes................................................65 10.1. Electricity storage vs. thermal storage........................................................................65 10.2. Heat storage – benefits to CHP plant operations ........................................................66 10.3. Examples of heat storage durations from Denmark ...................................................66 10.4. Heat storage (hot water) scale economies. .................................................................67 10.5. The Avedore heat storage ...........................................................................................68 10.6. Connection diagrams of heat storages ........................................................................70 10.7. Examples of Danish heat stores.................................................................................71 10.8. Interseasonal heat stores .............................................................................................71 11. District cooling ...........................................................................................................72 11.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................72 11.2. Growth in District Cooling .........................................................................................73 11.3. Free cooling ................................................................................................................73