Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris ECOLE DOCTORALE DE SCIENCES PO Doctorat en Science politique CERI – Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Internationales Programme doctoral de Relations internationales FROM STATE SOVEREIGNTY TO RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT Maria Rita MAZZANTI Thèse dirigée par M. Ghassan SALAME Professeur des Universités à l’IEP de Paris Soutenue le 22 janvier 2013 Jury : M. Rony BRAUMAN , Professeur des universités associé, IEP de Paris, M. Frédéric CHARILLON (Rapporteur), Professeur de Science Politique, Faculté de droit de Clermont-Ferrand, Université d'Auvergne et directeur de l'Institut de Recherche Stratégique de l'École Militaire (IRSEM - Ministère de la Défense) M. Jean-Marc de LA SABLIÈRE, Ambassadeur de France en Italie (2007-2011) et Représentant permanent de la France auprès des Nations Unies (2002-2007), M. Ghassan SALAME (Directeur) Professeur des universités, IEP de Paris M. Olivier De SCHUTTER (Rapporteur), Professeur Ordinaire, Faculté de droit et de criminologie, Université catholique de Louvain Maria Rita Mazzanti -“From State Responsibility to Responsibility to Protect”- Thèse IEP de Paris – Année 2012/201 1 Maria Rita Mazzanti -“From State Responsibility to Responsibility to Protect”- Thèse IEP de Paris – 2 Année 2012/2013 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 5 THE CHANGING NATURE OF SOVEREIGNTY 12 1.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE A SYSTEM OF SOVEREIGN STATES ...................................................................... 13 1.2 SOVEREIGNTY AND THE LEGACY OF WORLD WAR II ..................................................................................... 26 1.3 HUMAN RIGHTS .............................................................................................................................................. 32 1.4 THE INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES .......................................................... 36 1.5 THE HUMANIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ............................................................................................. 40 1.6 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 42 HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION 44 TH 2.1 HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION – FROM THE 19 CENTURY TO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS ....................... 44 2.2 FROM THE UN CHARTER TO THE “E RA OF HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCES ” ............................................... 49 2.3 IRAQ 1991 ...................................................................................................................................................... 59 2.4 SOMALIA 1992-1993 .................................................................................................................................... 64 2.5 RWANDA 1993-1994 ................................................................................................................................... 68 2.6 THE YUGOSLAV WARS 1991-1999 .............................................................................................................. 73 2.7 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 85 FROM SOVEREIGNTY AS RESPONSIBILITY TO RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT 88 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 88 3.1 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE R2P ..................................................................................................... 89 3.2 FROM 2006 TO THE APPOINTMENT OF SECRETARY -GENERAL BAN KI-MOON ........................................ 102 3.3 R2P DEFINITION : WHAT IS IN AND WHAT IS OUT ? .................................................................................... 129 3.4 R2P AS A CONCEPT ...................................................................................................................................... 135 3.5 R2P AS AN EMERGING LEGAL NORM ........................................................................................................... 137 3.6 THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY ......................................................................................................................... 151 3.7 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 154 LIBYA 158 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 158 4.1 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ............................................................................................................. 161 4.2 CIVIL SOCIETY ............................................................................................................................................... 171 4.3 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 175 ANNEX I: TIMELINE OF EVENTS FEBRUARY – AUGUST 2011 ........................................................................... 178 ANNEX II: INDICATOR INDEXES ........................................................................................................................... 235 CÔTE D’IVOIRE 240 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 240 5.1 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................. 242 5.2 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ............................................................................................................. 246 5.3 THE AFRICAN REGIONAL AND SUB -REGIONAL RESPONSE .......................................................................... 254 5.4 CIVIL SOCIETY ............................................................................................................................................... 260 5.5 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 262 ANNEX I TIMELINE OF EVENTS ............................................................................................................................ 268 ANNEX II THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ............................................................................................. 285 SRI LANKA 287 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 287 6.1 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................. 290 6.2 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ............................................................................................................. 293 6.3 CIVIL SOCIETY ............................................................................................................................................... 304 6.4 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 308 ANNEX 1 TIMELINE OF EVENTS ........................................................................................................................... 310 Maria Rita Mazzanti -“From State Responsibility to Responsibility to Protect”- Thèse IEP de Paris – Année 2012/201 3 SYRIA 315 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 315 7.1 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ............................................................................................................. 317 7.2 REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 338 7.3 CIVIL SOCIETY ............................................................................................................................................... 343 7.4 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 345 ANNEX 1 TIMELINE OF EVENTS ........................................................................................................................... 348 CONCLUSION 383 BIBLIOGRAPHY 408 A) BOOKS .......................................................................................................................................................... 408 B) ARTICLES ...................................................................................................................................................... 412 C) UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS ........................................................................................................... 430 D) NEWS SOURCES (PRINTED PRESS , AGENCIES , AND WEB SOURCES ): ....................................................... 435 Maria Rita Mazzanti -“From State Responsibility to Responsibility to Protect”- Thèse IEP de Paris – 4 Année 2012/2013 INTRODUCTION The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is an emerging international norm that provides that states are primary