TAXON: Cenchrus echinatus L. SCORE: 20.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Cenchrus echinatus L. Family: Poaceae Common Name(s): sand bur Synonym(s): Cenchrus echinatus var. brevisetus (E.Fourn. ex Hemsl.) Scribn. bur grass Cenchrus hillebrandianus Hitchc. common sandbur Cenchrus pungens Kunth golden grass hedgehog grass Mossman River grass southern sandbur spiny sandbur Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 5 Aug 2021 WRA Score: 20.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Annual Grass, Disturbance-Adapted, Environmental Weed, Spiny Burrs, Externally Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n Creation Date: 5 Aug 2021 (Cenchrus echinatus L.) Page 1 of 20 TAXON: Cenchrus echinatus L. SCORE: 20.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 n conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 y 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 n 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 y 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 y=-1, n=1 n biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 5 Aug 2021 (Cenchrus echinatus L.) Page 2 of 20 TAXON: Cenchrus echinatus L. SCORE: 20.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence of domestication] "Mossman River grass is a native of tropical America, extending from the southern United States through Parsons, W.T. & Cuthbertson, E.G. (2001). Noxious Weeds the Caribbean region and Central America to Colombia, Brazil, of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO Publishing, Argentina and Chile. It has been introduced to and is now prevalent Collingwood, Australia in tropical Africa, Madagascar, India, Israel and all countries bordering the western Pacific Ocean." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Northern America SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina] SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Texas] SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [California] NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Zacatecas, Baja California (Norte), Baja California Sur] Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Aguascalientes, Campeche, Chiapas, Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Quintana https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 3 Aug 2021] Roo, Tabasco, Tlaxcala, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Yucatán] Southern America CARIBBEAN: Hispaniola, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, United States [Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U.S.] CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay" 202 Quality of climate match data High Creation Date: 5 Aug 2021 (Cenchrus echinatus L.) Page 3 of 20 TAXON: Cenchrus echinatus L. SCORE: 20.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 3 Aug 2021] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. "in Hawai'i naturalized in arid, disturbed habitats such as beach University of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, dunes, dry, rocky slopes, pastures, and along roadsides, 0-920 m" Honolulu, HI. "The species is naturalized in arid, disturbed habitats such as beach Zhenghao Xu & Meihua Deng. (2017). Identification and dunes; dry, rocky slopes; pastures and along roadsides. It is usually Control of Common Weeds: Volume 1. Zhejiang University restricted to low elevations near the coast, being found on seashores Press, Hangzhou and Springer Nature, Singapore and in pastures, cane and rice fields, lawns, waste places, and along roadsides." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Mossman River grass is a native of tropical America, extending from Parsons, W.T. & Cuthbertson, E.G. (2001). Noxious Weeds the southern United States through the Caribbean region and of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO Publishing, Central America to Colombia, Brazil, Argentina and Chile. It has been Collingwood, Australia introduced to and is now prevalent in tropical Africa, Madagascar, India, Israel and all countries bordering the western Pacific Ocean." "Native to the Neotropics, now widely naturalized; in Hawai'i Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual naturalized in arid, disturbed habitats such as beach dunes, dry, of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. rocky slopes, pastures, and along roadsides, 0-920 m, on Kure and University of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Midway atolls, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, Nihoa, and all Honolulu, HI. of the main islands." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "Mossman River grass is a native of tropical America, extending from Parsons, W.T. & Cuthbertson, E.G. (2001). Noxious Weeds the southern United States through the Caribbean region and of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO Publishing, Central America to Colombia, Brazil, Argentina and Chile. It has been Collingwood, Australia introduced to and is now prevalent in tropical Africa, Madagascar, India, Israel and all countries bordering the western Pacific Ocean." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 5 Aug 2021 (Cenchrus echinatus L.) Page 4 of 20 TAXON: Cenchrus echinatus L. SCORE: 20.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Native to the Neotropics, now widely naturalized; in Hawai'i Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual naturalized in arid, disturbed habitats such as beach dunes, dry, of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. rocky slopes, pastures, and along roadsides, 0-920 m, on Kure and University of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Midway atolls, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, Nihoa, and all Honolulu, HI. of the main islands. First recorded from O'ahu in 1867 (Hillebrand, 1888)." "Naturalized Asia-Temperate WESTERN ASIA: Israel USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant CHINA: China [Fujian Sheng, Guangdong Sheng, Yunnan Sheng, Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Hainan Sheng] Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National EASTERN ASIA: Taiwan Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.