Towards a Rights-Sensitive East African Community Towards a Rights-Sensitive East African Community The Case of Ethnic and Racial Minorities Editor Hamudi Majamba fountain publishers Kampala Fountain Publishers P.O. Box 488 Kampala E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.fountainpublishers.co.ug On behalf of Kituo cha Katiba: Eastern Africa Centre for Constitutional Development P.O. Box 3277, Plot 7, Estate Link Road, Off Lugogo by-pass Kampala, Uganda Tel: +256-414-533295 Fax: +256-414-541028 Email: [email protected] Website: www.kituochakatiba.org Distributed in Europe and Commonwealth countries outside Africa by: African Books Collective Ltd, P.O. Box 721, Oxford OX1 9EN, UK. Tel/Fax: +44(0) 1869 349110 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.africanbookscollective.com © Kituo cha Katiba 2011 First published 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-9970-25-133-9 Contents Abbreviations .......................................................................vii 1. Conceptual Framework ........................................................1 Ethnic and Racial Minorities and Movement Towards Political Inclusion in East Africa: Cases of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania ..................................1 Maria Nassali Ethnic and Racial Minorities and Movement Towards Political Inclusion in East Africa: Cases of Burundi, Rwanda and Zanzibar .........................................................66 Gaudens P. Mpangala 2. A Review of Studies on Minorities in East Africa .............112 Prof. Hamudi Majamba 3. Ethnic and Racial Minorities and Movement Towards Political Inclusion in East Africa: Th e Case of the Batwa in Burundi .............................................................126 Bambanze Vital and Amani Jean Pierre 4 Participation of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in Political Decision Making in Kenya ..............................156 Nyang’ori Ohenjo 5. Th e Political and Social Exclusion of Minorities in Tanzania: Th e Case of the Hadzabe Hunter-Gatherers ............................................................225 William Tate Olenasha 6. Ethnic-Racial Minorities: Movement towards Political Inclusion: Th e Case of the Batwa in Uganda .....................268 Kabann I.B. Kabananukye 7. Nationalism, Citizenship and the Politics of Exclusion in Zanzibar .......................................................................325 Mohammed A. Bakari v Abbreviations ABEK Alternative Basic Education for Karamoja ADF Allied Democratic Forces ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome APROSOMA Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse (Associatin for the Social Promotion of the Masses) ASP Afro-Shirazi Party BAN Batwa Advocacy Network BBCT Baruuli-Banyala Cultural Trust BMUs Beach Management Units CARE Carry American Relief Everywhere CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community Based Organisation CBOs Community Based Organisations CCM Chama cha Mapinduzi CDC Constituency Development Committee CDF Constituency Development Fund CEMIRIDE Centre for Minority Rights Development CERD Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination CKRC Constitution of Kenya Review Commission CKRP Constitution of Kenya Review Process CNDD-FDD Conseil Natinal pour la Défense de la Démocratie- Forces pour la Défense de la Democratie (National Council for the Defence of Democracy-Forces for the Defence of Democracy) vii viii Towards a Rights-Sensitive E.A. Community: The Case of Ethnic & Racial Minorities CoE Committee of Experts (on Constitution Review) CSO Civil Society Organisation CSOs Civil Society Organisations CUF Civic United Front DCs District Commissioners DfID Department for International Development (UK) DFRD District Focus for Rural Development DNLP Draft National Land Policy EAC East African Community EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EOC Equal Opportunities Commission ESA Education Standards Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FGDs Focus Group Discussions HBS Household Budget Survey HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HRBA Human-Rights Based Approach HRC Human Rights Council of the United Nations HUGAFO Hunter-Gatherers Forum ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICERD International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IEA Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) ILO International Labour Organisation IPS Inter Press Service News Agency IRIN Integrated Regional Information Networks KCK Kituo cha Katiba KDLG Kisoro District Local Government KRA Kenya Revenue Authority Abbreviations ix LBDA Lake Basin Development Authority LC Local Council LEGCO Legislative Council LRA Lord’s Resistance Army LSK Law Society of Kenya MBIFCT Mgahinga and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest Conservation Trust MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MDGs Millennium Development Goals MGNP Mgahinga Gorilla National Park MRC Minorities Reforms Consortium MRG Minority Rights Group MRND Mouvement Républicain National pour la Démocratie et le Développement (National Revolutionary Movement for Development) NARC National Rainbow Coalition NCEP National Civic Education Programme NEMA National Environment Management Authority NEPAD New Partnership for African Development NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations ODM-K Orange Democratic Movement- Kenya OPDP Ogiek People’s Development Programme PARMEHUTU Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipatio Hutu (Party of the Hutu Emancipatio Movement) PDC Parti Democratique Centrist (Centrist Democratic Party) PASP Protected Area System Plan PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan x Towards a Rights-Sensitive E.A. Community: The Case of Ethnic & Racial Minorities PHC Population and Housing Census PHGEMN Pastoralists and Hunter Gatherers Ethnic Minorities Network PRS Poverty Reduction Strategies PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PTG Pastoralists Thematic Group PVR Permanent Voter Register RCs Regional Commissioners RDC Resident District Commissioner RGoZ Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar SDIP Social Development Sector Strategic Investment Plan SID Society for International Development SWG Sector Working Group UAMSHO Islamic Mobilisation and Propagation-Zanzibar UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics ULA Uganda Land Alliance UN Union Natisnale Rwandaise (Rwandese National Union) UNAR United Nations UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNDM UN Declaration on Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNESCO United Nations Eductional, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNIPROBA Unissons-nous pour la Promotion de Batwa (Union for the Promotion of the Batwa) UNHRC United Nations Human Rights Committee UOBDU United Organisation for Batwa Development in Abbreviations xi Uganda UPE Universal Primary Education UPRONA Union Pour le Progrés National (Union for National Progress) URAIA Name adopted for the National Civic Education Programme (NCEP II) It means “Citizenship” in Kiswahili. URT United Republic of Tanzania US United States UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority WGM Working Group on Minorities ZNP Zanzibar Nationalist Party ZPPP Zanzibar and Pemba Peoples’ Party 1 Conceptual Framework Ethnic and Racial Minorities and Movement Towards Political Inclusion in East Africa: Cases of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania Maria Nassali* Ethnic Minority and Political Participation in East Africa [I]n Africa, representative-ness is sometimes measured ethnically rather than electorally. Ethnic arithmetic helps to reassure different groups whether or not they are truly part of the machinery and are among the beneficiaries. A government is deemed to be more or less representative to the extent to which it reflects the ethnic composition of the wider society. …The absence of ethnic representation … is often a bigger political risk than the absence of electoral representativeness at the ballot box. Ethnic arithmetic is often a more compelling imperative than the ballot in the liberal sense.1 Introduction Ethnicity is, a key component of both politics and society because it is the easiest force around which to mobilise.2 Ethnicity is a phenomenon that has lived with us since time immemorial, yet inadequate attention has been given to address its impact on human rights, governance, social disparities and civil strife.3 In addition, many studies of African elections confirm that the electorate votes * CEO FIDA - Uganda. LLD (Pretoria). 1 Mazrui (2001) p. 23. 2 Young ( 1986 421, Dornboss (1991) p. 53. 3 Bagalaliwo (2007), Opening Statement Regional Workshop to discuss the draft Concept paper on Ethnic and Racial Minorities in East Africa, 30 August, 2007. 1 2 Towards a Rights-Sensitive E.A. Community: The Case of Ethnic & Racial Minorities according to the criterion of ethnic and political patronage, with the expectation of material rewards.4 The academic success in emolliating the status of the minorities notwithstanding, the stigma arising from such minority status perseveres.5 Hence, the study provides a theoretical and analytical underpinning of why ethnicity should be interrogated and how it structures the political trajectory and