PUTTING ANALOG SUNSET IN PERSPECTIVE By: Joseph D. Cornwall, CTS-D Technology Evangelist—Lastar, Inc. (C2G, Quiktron) ABSTRACT TaBLE OF CONTENTS This paper explores the recent evolution of Audio Visual (A/V) Abstract .................................1 technology from an analog to a digital format, and discusses Introduction ..............................1 the effects of the convergence of A/V and Information Analog Sunset and Broadcast ..................2 Technology (IT) disciplines. Analog A/V infrastructure will Analog Sunset and Prerecorded Media ...........2 lose relevance as the benefits of digital connectivity gain Digital Rights Management and Content: ..........3 greater market importance. For professionals involved in the High Bandwidth Digital Content Protection: ........3 purchase, use, specification, or integration of media access LVDS and DisplayPort .......................4 systems it is important to be aware of how, when, and why The Not-So-Slow Death of Analog Connectivity ......4 our media technology is evolving and what we must anticipate Summary ................................5 to ensure maximum utility and performance from projects. References ...............................5 INTRODUCTION What is analog sunset? It’s a question that’s been very poorly answered by our industry, yet it’s at the very core of the collision between both A/V and IT technology disciplines. It’s rare to see a frank and accurate discussion of what analog sunset means, how it is progressing, where it started, where it is going, or what its logical outcome is going to be. And yet we need to be able to have this conversation with our customers, stakeholders, project end-users, architects, design consultants, and professional integration partners if we are to ensure the utility and value of a project. This paper will attempt to dispel some of the myths surrounding our global march towards an all-digital media experience and the continuing convergence of information technology, A/V technology, and consumer versus commercial A/V applications. Analog sunset, although seldom acknowledged as such, is the inevitable product of a field of study called “information theory.” Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics, electrical engineering, bioinformatics, and computer science involving the quantification of information. Information theory was developed by a mathematician, electronic engineer and cryptographer Claude Shannon, and was first known as “communication theory.” In 1949 Shannon published a paper titled A Mathematical Theory of Communication where-in he focused on the best method to encode information for transmission.[1] In just over a half century, Shannon’s work has become the foundation of the digital revolution and any device containing a microprocessor can claim his work as its notional genesis. Shannon’s work to find the fundamental limits of signal processing operations, such as compressing, storing and communicating data, shone a light on a line of thinking that was further expanded by H. Marshall McLuhan, who is best known for coining the phrase “the medium is the message.” [2] McLuhan’s great insight was that the medium used to deliver content can affect society as much as the content itself. Put another way, the storage and transportation format (the medium, and in the case of this paper that means digital video and audio) has a profound effect on the creation, application, utilization, and meaning of the actual content. 3555 Kettering Blvd. | Moraine OH | 45439 | www.c2g.com | 800.287.2843 00000_3.13_PDF | © 2013 Lastar Inc. Bits are fungible. By this we mean that a device doesn’t care if the 1s and 0s that it stores and manipulates are bytes that describe an executable program, an Excel spreadsheet, a PowerPoint presentation, a piece of music, or video content. To the machine they are all the same—just pulses of data. It is when that data represents a copyrighted work that the fun begins. ANALOG SUNSET AND BROADCAST Analog sunset is a global change. It describes the ordered transition from analog over-the-air television broadcasting (and that ultimately includes both CATV cable television and satellite television) we’ve enjoyed since its adoption by the NTSC in 1948 to a new digital system.[3] It is sometimes referred to as digital switchover or analog switch-off. Analog sunset began in 2006 with the Netherlands and moved to Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland in 2007. In 2009 the United States began its transition to a digital broadcast infrastructure [4], followed by Denmark, Germany, Norway, Canada, Italy, Israel, and nearly every other country one can name. The full transition to a global standard of digital broadcast is expected to continue until sometime in 2024. [5] Digital broadcasting offers many advantages over its analog predecessor. Image resolution and color quality can be precisely specified, resulting in a more controlled and higher quality viewing experience. More information can be carried by a digital broadcast, including detailed guides and menus, additional soundtracks, 3D content, and countless other capabilities. An even greater benefit is efficiency; digital broadcasts offer more of everything while demanding less RF spectrum than earlier analog systems. It should be clear at this point that broadcast video is in the process of migrating towards an all-digital environment and analog capabilities will be eliminated at a global level. Whether over-the-air, CATV or SATV, television has become a digital medium. ANALOG SUNSET AND PRERECORDED MEDIA At the end of 2010 another aspect of analog sunset appeared, as did another application of the term. Digital content isn’t copied, it is cloned. A digital copy is a perfect copy, so systems that protect the intellectual property rights of the content creators from unauthorized duplication and distribution are necessary. On January 1, 2011, only Blu-ray DVD players that limited their high definition video output to a digital High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) connection could be sold in the United States. Players sold before that date would have their analog component video connections rendered inoperable for high definition content through the use of a digital “Image Constraint Token” (ICT) embedded in copyrighted material. A digital constraint token allows the source device to scale the image quality down to a lowest common level, and in the case of digital video that’s 480i. This has also been referred to as analog sunset. By 2013, “Digital-Only Tokens” (DOT) that will completely eliminate analog output capability at any resolution during playback of copyright-protected digital high definition material will be in use. If a system uses a DOT, the output will be blanked so long as the demand for copyright protection via HDCP is in place and the system senses a non-HDCP compliant condition. This use of ICT and DOT technology is defined in an international, cross-industry set of rules known as the Advanced Access Content System (AACS). Created by a consortium of companies including IBM, Intel, Panasonic, Sony, Disney, Warner Brothers, Microsoft and others, AACS is a specification for managing content stored on prerecorded and recorded optical media and is designed for use with PCs and CE devices. [6] We now see that, although not technically part of digital switchover as seen from a broadcast point-of-view, prerecorded media has similarly migrated towards an all-digital environment where analog connectivity can be precluded by the technology itself. Prerecorded video content has become a digital medium. DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT AND CONTENT If content accessed from a prerecorded source must be protected from illicit copying, what about content that is broadcast or downloaded? Isn’t a clone/copy of a high definition broadcast functionally equivalent to a recording of the same content from an optical disc? The answer is obvious, and this is where the concept of analog sunset begins to bend back on itself and becomes the larger issue we must address today. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) made provisions for a digital broadcast flag, which is a digital “lock” designed to control access to content.[7] In “Digital Broadcast Television Redistribution Control” the FCC ruled that “no party shall sell or distribute in interstate commerce a Covered Demodulator Product that does not comply with the Demodulator Compliance Requirements,” and that hardware must implement functionality to “actively thwart piracy.” This was to ensure that digital content that was broadcast over a digital medium (be that OTA, CATV or SATV) could not be illegally copied or distributed. This precipitated much concern and discussion over fair use rights, which subsequently resulted in several legal challenges. After much litigation the FCC’s broadcast flag system was finally eliminated in August of 2011 [8], but not before motivating virtually every other method for the electronic distribution of content to implement its own digital rights management initiative. The DVB Content Protection and Copy Management standard is similar to the FCC broadcast flag and describes how content will be controlled for European digital television. It protects audio-visual works, including films and television programs after they’ve been received by a consumer, to ensure that the usage is managed in accordance with the rights granted by the content owner or broadcaster. [9] DVBCPCM is in use today and affects as many as 900 million receivers on every continent. DVBCPCM also has a wide