CONTACT, STRUCTURE, AND CHANGE CONTACT, STRUCTURE, AND CHANGE A Festschrift in Honor of Sarah G. Thomason Edited by Anna M. Babel and Mark A. Sicoli CopyrightCopyright ©© 20212021 byby thethe authorsauthors SomeSome rightsrights reservedreserved ThisThis workwork isis licensedlicensed underunder thethe CreativeCreative CommonsCommons Attribution-NonCommercial-Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivativesNoDerivatives 4.04.0 InternationalInternational License.License. ToTo viewview aa copycopy ofof thisthis license,license, visitvisit http://http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ oror sendsend aa letter to Creative Commons, POPO BoxBox 1866,1866, MountainMountain View,View, California,California, 94042,94042, USA.USA. PublishedPublished inin thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates ofof AmericaAmerica byby MichiganMichigan PublishingPublishing ManufacturedManufactured inin thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates ofof AmericaAmerica DOI:DOI: http://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11616118http://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11616118 ISBNISBN 978-1-60785-607-8978-1-60785-607-8 (paper)(paper) ISBNISBN 978-1-60785-608-5978-1-60785-608-5 (e-book)(e-book) ISBNISBN 978-1-60785-609-2978-1-60785-609-2 (open-access)(open-access) AnAn imprintimprint ofof MichiganMichigan Publishing,Publishing, MaizeMaize BooksBooks servesserves thethe publishingpublishing needsneeds ofof thethe UniversityUniversity of of Michigan Michigan community community by by making making high-quality high-quality scholarship scholarship widely widely available available in in printprint and and online. online. It It represents represents a a new new model model for for authors authors seeking seeking to to share share their their work work withinwithin andand beyondbeyond thethe academy,academy, offeringoffering streamlinedstreamlined selection,selection, production,production, andand distributiondistribution processes.processes. MaizeMaize BooksBooks isis intendedintended asas aa complementcomplement toto moremore formalformal modesmodes ofof publicationpublication inin aa widewide rangerange ofof disciplinarydisciplinary areas.areas. http://www.maizebooks.orghttp://www.maizebooks.org CONTENTS Preface . .vii Robin Queen and Patrice Speeter Beddor Chapter 1 Deliberate Decisions and Unintended Consequences: Ratifying Nonspeakers through Code Alternation in Child-Directed Speech ����������������������������������������������1 Mark A. Sicoli Chapter 2 Code-Switching as a Way of Speaking—From Language Shift to Language Maintenance ������������������������������������35 Carmel O’Shannessy Chapter 3 Dynamics of Language Contact: On Similarities, Divergences, and Innovations in the Emergence of Creole Languages . .65 Marlyse Baptista Chapter 4 Contact-Induced Change in the Inflectional Systems of Immigrant Languages in the United States: Differential Change in Noun and Verb Inflection . .97 Anna Fenyvesi vi Contents Chapter 5 The “Why” of Social Motivations for Language Contact . 131 Anna M. Babel Chapter 6 Typology, Contact, and Explanation: The Surprising Wappo Case . 165 Marianne Mithun Chapter 7 Oblique Arguments in Montana Salish: Separating Agreement and Licensing . .189 Nico Baier Chapter 8 ‘Gone Now Were the Days When All They Had to Eat Was Poor Food’: Temporal Participles in Meskwaki ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������211 Lucy G. Thomason Chapter 9 Lexical Suffixes in Nivaclé and Their Implications ������� 281 Lyle Campbell Chapter 10 An Impersonal Construction in Jarawara? . 321 Alan Vogel Chapter 11 On Zapotecan Glottal Stop, and Where (Not) to Reconstruct It ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������353 Eric W. Campbell Chapter 12 The Early Stages of Ecuadorian Quechua . .387 Pieter Muysken PREFACE e are honored and delighted to contribute this preface to a WFestschrift in honor of Sarah (Sally) Thomason, whom we have been fortunate to have as a colleague and friend for more than twenty years. The editors, Anna and Mark, extended the invitation because we have served as chairs of our department during many of the years in which Sally has been on our faculty. It isn’t hyperbole to say that she has made our professional lives infinitely richer and our personal lives considerably more fun and interesting. The papers in this volume are an important contribution to several fields of linguistics, including language contact, language change, and indigenous language studies, all areas in which Sally has left an indelible mark. The volume is packed with a who’s who of Sally’s intellectual life, filled with colleagues, former students, and even a family member. All the authors are themselves well-known experts in language contact, historical linguistics, and/or indigenous language studies, and much of their expertise was honed in conver- sation with Sally. Within the area of language contact, Sally is recognized as the world’s authority. She is first author of the now-classic book Lan- guage Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics (with Terrence Kaufman, 1988, 1991), in which she argued that language history vii viii Preface must be studied with reference to social context. Her approach was in clear contrast to the view of historical linguists over the previous 150 years or so that nearly all language change is triggered by factors internal to the language itself. Through careful documentation of complex contact situations from around the world, the book ushered in a new era in the study of language relationships. The first section of this volume rightly focuses on questions and explorations of lan- guage contact that were made possible by Sally’s ongoing thoughts about theorizing, documenting, and analyzing what happens when speakers bring multiple linguistic systems to bear on their interac- tions with one another. Sally’s fieldwork involving language contact situations has, over the course of more than thirty years, led to a quite distinct and highly respected expertise in the Native languages of the Northwest- ern United States. She is best known for her work on Salish-Pend d’Oreille (Montana Salish), a seriously endangered language spoken in northwest Montana. Originally drawn to the language through an interest in the ways in which languages in the region borrow from each other, she spends a portion of each summer working with the elders of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. She has pub- lished an online edition of her Salish-English dictionary, the result of her many years of language documentation work. Through this and related work, Sally has become an important figure in the area of language endangerment. Her book Endangered Languages: An Intro- duction (2015) has already become a standard textbook and reference work on the topic of endangered languages and their preservation. The second half of this volume brings together work on indigenous American languages being conducted by scholars, some of them for- mer students of Sally, who have joined her in the mission to describe endangered languages while broadening the empirical basis for the development of linguistic theory. Readers who know Sally will appreciate our mild concern as we turn to some of the many other reasons for a Festschrift in Sally’s honor because they know, as we do, that she resists being remarked Preface ix on for all the ways in which she is amazing. We could have made easy (long, but easy) work of this preface by listing Sally’s many accom- plishments, honors, and awards, but such a list could hardly capture how profoundly Sally has influenced the field of linguistics and could only hint at how profoundly she influences those who know her as a friend, colleague, mentor, animal and nature lover, game player, and in the case of three academics, including two linguists, a family member. If there were a T-shirt created in Sally’s honor, it would undoubtedly say “Sally has done it all.” She is a Distinguished Uni- versity Professor at the University of Michigan, former editor of the journal Language (and the only woman to have edited that journal in its over ninety years of publication), a fellow of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, the recipient of lifetime achievement awards from several scholarly societies, and coauthor of a book so influential that it has been cited over 10,000 times. Sally’s scholarly career is also distinguished by a commitment to stepping outside the academy and sharing her expertise with a non- linguistic audience. The ongoing dictionary and text collection pro- jects for Salish-Pend d’Oreille go beyond documenting this language for the purposes of theories about language; they are also being used by the Salish community for language teaching and preservation. She served as a volunteer teacher in the University of Pittsburgh’s program at the State Correctional Institution and is a regular con- tributor to the Language Log, the preeminent voice of linguistics oriented to a nonlinguistic audience. She is regularly consulted by the news media on topics as varied as the mascot controversy at the University of Illinois to language change over the course of multi- generational space travel (obviously an exercise in imagination). She visits K-12 classrooms to excite young students about the structure, variety, and beauty of human language. We both have numerous stories of the ways Sally provided administrative wisdom, from her perspective as a scholar, advisor, and instructor. It’s the kind of wisdom you’d expect from