CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND 1.0 Introduction In most democratic set ups, Parliaments are considered to be the central institutions of democracy. In the Guide on Parliamentary Democracy, the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) describes Parliament as an elected body that represents society in all its diversity. Parliament not only represents citizens as individuals, through the presence of political parties, it also represents them collectively in the pursuit of development and democracy (Revised report on the review of the Parliamentary Reform Programme Capacity Building Component, 2012). In the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 2012, Global Parliamentary Report, Parliament is considered as the link between the concerns of the people and those that govern. It is said that public pressure on parliaments is greater than ever before. The growth in size of government has increased the responsibilities of parliaments to scrutinize and call to account. The development of communication technology and saturation media coverage of politics has increased the visibility of parliaments and politicians (UNDP and Inter-Parliamentary Union Global Parliamentary Report-the changing nature of parliamentary representation, 2012). The challenge facing parliaments in all parts of the world is one of continual evolution, ensuring that they respond strategically and effectively to changing public demands for representation. Parliamentary reforms are one way that parliaments have adopted to engage in the process of continual improvement (Revised report on the review of the Parliamentary Reform Programme Capacity Building Component, 2012). In Zambia parliamentary reforms have been ongoing since the early 1990s. With the re-introduction of multi party democracy in 1991, and as a way of enhancing democratic governance, the National Assembly of Zambia saw it prudent to realign the functions of Parliament with the demands of plural politics (Report of the Parliamentary Reforms Committee on Reforms in the Zambian Parliament, 2000). 1 This therefore, called for the introduction of parliamentary reforms with a view of addressing the limitations which existed in the institution. The reforms were conceived in order to enhance parliamentary oversight of the Executive and also to allow for increased participation of the citizens in the affairs of the country. Between 1992 and 2011, a series of projects and initiatives were implemented in order to reform parliament. In the period 1992 to 1994, the Legislative Performance Project was conceived in the immediate aftermath of the 1991 elections and it was funded by the USAID. However, the project did not go far due to challenges in the working relationships between the National Assembly and the cooperating partner. However, with the election of the new Speaker, Hon Amusa Mwanamwambwa in 1998, impetus for parliamentary reforms came back. In 1999, the new Speaker appointed an Ad Hoc Reforms Committee that was to undertake a study and make recommendations on key areas of reform. According to the report of the Parliamentary Reforms Committee on Reforms in the Zambian Parliament, 2000, the key areas of reform were: I. Member- Constituency Relations II. The Legislative Process III. The Committee System IV. The Administration of the National Assembly V. Support Services to Parliament and its Members According to the report of the Parliamentary Reforms Committee on Reforms in the Zambian Parliament, 2000, in the reform area of Member-Constituency Relations, the Ad Hoc Reforms Committee made the following recommendations: I. Establishment of Constituency Offices II. Parliamentary Communications/outreach and III. Capacity to deliver constituent services 2 Following the recommendations made in the report by the Ad Hoc Reform Committee, parliament appointed a Parliamentary Reform and Modernisation Committee (PRMC) in 2002 with the mandate to examine and propose reforms to the powers, procedures, practices, organisation and facilities of the National Assembly. The Parliamentary Reform Project commenced in 2002 following the signing of the Statement of Intent between the National Assembly and cooperating partners. This project was in two stages, namely Parliamentary Reform Programme (PRP) 1 which was implemented from 2002 to 2003 and was primarily a period during which a bankable project document was drawn up and this defined the goals, vision and approach to parliamentary reform. Other activities were undertaken as part of PRP 1 and these included establishing constituency offices on a pilot basis. The establishment of the constituency offices was based on one of the recommendations of the Ad hoc Reforms Committee which proposed that one area in which parliament needed reform was the Member-Constituency Relations. The report by the Reform Committee on the operations of the pilot constituency offices indicated that there was a need to establish the offices on a permanent basis. The Reforms Committee further recommended the construction of a constituency office by the parliament in each of the 150 constituencies. However, prior to sourcing of funds for construction of the offices, it was recommended that parliament provided resources for renting of office space in addition to office equipment and constituency staff members. Therefore, with the aim of improving Member- Constituency Relations and taking Parliament closer to the people and making it more accessible, Constituency Offices were established in all the 150 constituencies of Zambia. Currently parliament has constructed four offices while the rest are still being rented mostly from council buildings. The study attempted to assess the role of constituency offices in enhancing democracy and communication between Members of Parliament and their constituents: a case study of Kabwata Constituency. However, before the report gives 3 further details on the study, a brief background on the country will be provided in order to give details on the context in which the study was undertaken for the benefit of those who may not be familiar with the profile of Zambia. 1.1 General Overview of Zambia Zambia is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Its neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and Angola. Zambia covers a land area of 752, 612 square kilometres which is about 2.5 per cent of Africa. The capital city is Lusaka located in the south-central part of the country. About 58 per cent of Zambia’s total land area of 39 million hectares is classified as having medium to high potential for agricultural production, but less than half of potential arable land is cultivated. Zambia has a tropical climate and consists mostly of high plateau. It is drained by two major river basins which are the Zambezi/Kafue basin in the centre, west and south covering about three quarters of the country and the Congo basin in the north covering about one quarter of the country. The country is prone to drought due to erratic rainfall as its abundant water resources remain largely untapped. Zambia has some of the largest copper and cobalt deposits in the world. Historians and archaeological evidence shows that by the year 1500 much of modern Zambia was occupied by Bantu-speaking horticulturalists, who are believed to be the ancestors of the present inhabitants. 1.2 Population The population of Zambia according to the last Central Statistics Office (CSO) census conducted in 2010 is 13.1 million. There was an increase from 9.9 million in the 2000 CSO census. Therefore, the population grew at an average annual rate of 2.8 per cent between the 2000 and 2010. In 2010, 60.5 per cent of the total population were living in rural areas with 39.5 per cent in urban areas. Lusaka 4 Province had the largest population of 2, 191, 225 followed by the Copperbelt Province with 1, 972, 317 (2010 Census of Population Summary Report). 1.3 Languages The official language of Zambia is English. Besides English there are seven major languages that are used. These are Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga. However, Zambia has a total of 73 dialects spoken across the country. Source: 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 5 1.4 Administration Zambia is divided into ten provinces namely: Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Muchinga, Northern, North-Western, Southern and Western Provinces. Zambia has 150 Constituencies and 1, 430 wards. The government is comprised of Central and Local Governments. 1.5 Religion According to the 1996 constitution, Zambia was officially declared a Christian Nation. However, despite this declaration, Zambia embraces other religions. 1.6 Political Background Zambia became a British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century. This was after visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century. For most of the colonial period, the country was governed by an administrator appointed from London with the advice of the British South African Company (BSAC). On 24 th October, 1964, Zambia gained independence and its first President was Dr. Kenneth David Kaunda. Zambia’s post-colonial era is divided into three periods referred to as the First Republic which was from the period of 1964 to 1972. During this period, the country was under a multi-party system with the United National Independence Party (UNIP) as the party in power under the presidency of Dr. Kenneth Kaunda. The second period was from 1973 to 1990 and during this period, the country was under a single- party state with UNIP as the sole legal party with the goal of uniting the nation under the banner of “One Zambia, One Nation”. The third period is the Third Republic from 1991 to the present in which the country reverted back to multi-party democracy. 6 Zambia has held seven presidential elections since 1991. The Late President H. E Dr. Fredrick T J Chiluba under the Movement for Multi- Party Democracy (MMD) ruled the country from 1991 to 1996. In 2001 the Late H. E Dr. Patrick Levy Mwanawasa, SC also under the MMD won elections and ruled until 2008 when he became the first Republican President to die in office.