Sustainable jet fuel for aviation Nordic perpectives on the use of advanced sustainable jet fuel for aviation Sustainable jet fuel for aviation Nordic perpectives on the use of advanced sustainable jet fuel for aviation Erik C. Wormslev, Jakob Louis Pedersen, Christian Eriksen, Rasmus Bugge, Nicolaj Skou, Camilla Tang, Toke Liengaard, Ras- mus Schnoor Hansen, Johannes Momme Eberhardt, Marie Katrine Rasch, Jonas Höglund, Ronja Beijer Englund, Judit Sandquist, Berta Matas Güell, Jens Jacob Kielland Haug, Päivi Luoma, Tiina Pursula and Marika Bröckl TemaNord 2016:538 Sustainable jet fuel for aviation Nordic perpectives on the use of advanced sustainable jet fuel for aviation Erik C. Wormslev, Jakob Louis Pedersen, Christian Eriksen, Rasmus Bugge, Nicolaj Skou, Camilla Tang, Toke Liengaard, Rasmus Schnoor Hansen, Johannes Momme Eberhardt, Marie Katrine Rasch, Jonas Höglund, Ronja Beijer Englund, Judit Sandquist, Berta Matas Güell, Jens Jacob Kielland Haug, Päivi Luoma, Tiina Pursula and Marika Bröckl ISBN 978-92-893-4661-0 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4662-7 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-4663-4 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2016-538 TemaNord 2016:538 ISSN 0908-6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2016 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: Scanpix Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk Copies: 100 Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom- mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/nordpub Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involv- ing Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im- portant role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Background and motivation ........................................................................................................... 11 Market demand and feedstock production ............................................................................. 13 Most promising pathway scenarios ............................................................................................ 16 Impact assessment .............................................................................................................................. 18 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 20 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 25 1.1 Process ........................................................................................................................................ 25 1.2 Structure of the report ........................................................................................................ 26 1.3 Studies on sustainable aviation fuel ............................................................................. 27 Background and Motivations ................................................................................................................. 33 2. Global status of sustainable jet fuel ............................................................................................ 35 2.1 Emerging technologies ....................................................................................................... 38 2.2 Multi-stakeholder initiatives ........................................................................................... 39 3. Coupling of existing sustainability criteria and policies ................................................. 45 3.1 Criteria for sustainable jet fuel ....................................................................................... 45 3.2 International governmental policy frameworks .................................................... 51 3.3 International business policy frameworks ............................................................... 56 4. Legislation and priorities in the Nordic countries and the EU ..................................... 61 4.1 Denmark .................................................................................................................................... 61 4.2 Finland ........................................................................................................................................ 65 4.3 Sweden ....................................................................................................................................... 71 4.4 Norway ....................................................................................................................................... 75 4.5 Iceland......................................................................................................................................... 80 Market and Production Pathways ....................................................................................................... 85 5. Jet fuel Demand and price sensitivity ........................................................................................ 87 5.1 Current demand for jet fuel .............................................................................................. 87 5.2 Future demand for sustainable jet fuels in the Nordic countries .................. 89 5.3 Future feedstock demand for sustainable jet fuel ................................................. 91 5.4 Price sensitivity ...................................................................................................................... 92 6. Feedstock accessibility in the Nordic Region ......................................................................... 95 6.1 Types of feedstock ................................................................................................................ 95 6.2 Denmark – Feedstock availability ............................................................................... 102 6.3 Finland – Feedstock availability ................................................................................... 106 6.4 Norway – feedstock availability ................................................................................... 110 6.5 Sweden – feedstock availability ................................................................................... 113 6.6 Iceland....................................................................................................................................... 116 6.7 Import of feedstock ............................................................................................................ 117 Sustainable jet fuel for aviation 5 7. Nordic Energy Infrastructure ...................................................................................................... 119 7.1 Nordic Airports: infrastructure, supply chain and logistics .......................... 121 7.2 Petroleum refineries .......................................................................................................... 125 7.3 Biorefineries and production facilities ..................................................................... 126 7.4 Introduction of new fuels in the supply chain ....................................................... 132 8. Technology pathways ...................................................................................................................... 137 8.1 Introduction to a sustainable jet fuel technology pathway ............................. 137 8.2 Recognized pathways ........................................................................................................ 139 8.3 Conversion efficiencies and product distribution ............................................... 148 8.4 Technical complexities in sustainable jet fuel production .............................. 151 8.5 Nordic technologies, role in pathways and maturity ........................................ 152 Most Promising Pathway Scenarios ................................................................................................. 163 9. Most promising pathway scenarios for Nordic collaboration .................................... 165 9.1 Evaluation criteria .............................................................................................................. 165 9.2 Most promising feedstock ............................................................................................... 167 9.3 Most promising conversion technology