tag questions tag question forms We can put a tag at the end of a statement to make a question. We use the verb in the statement to make the tag, using an auxiliary if necessary.The noun in the statement becomes a pronoun in the tag. In the most common types of tag question, a positive verb has a negative tag. You Iike pizza, don't you? (I'm not sure) A negative verb has a positive tag. Andrew won 't be angry, will he? (I want you to tell me that he won't) types of tag questions • positive verb, negative tag When we use a positive verb and a negative tag, we generally expect a yes answer. Russiaproduces a lot of natural gas, doesn't it? Yes,it does. A lot of diamonds come from South Africa, don't they7 Yes, they do. • negative verb, positive tag When we use a negative verb and a positive tag, we generally expect a no answer. There aren 't any active volcanoes in Scotland, are there? No, there aren't. Switzerland doesn't belong to the fU, does it? No, it doesn't. • positive verb, positive tag When we use a positive verb and a positive tag, we are showing surprise. You liked the film, did you? (I didn't expect that you would like it) intonation and meaning The meaning of the question depends~ on the intonation we use. Budapest is the capital of Hungary, isn't it? Yes,it iso When the intonation falls or is level, we are checking information we already know. There are mountains in New Zealand, aren't ther~? Yes, that's right. When the intonation rises,we-- are asking a question. That's not the Greek flag, is it? No, you're right. The Greek flag is blue and white. 50 and neither answers In speech, we use50 or neither to add similar information without repeating the main verb. We use only an auxiliary (be, have, can etc) after 50 and neither. We use sa to add information following a positive statement. Stromboli is an active volcano. 50 is Etna. Volcanoes cause great damage. 50 do hurricanes. We use neither to add information following a negative statement. Japan doesn't produce its own oil. Neither does Korea. A computer can 't wark without electricity Neither can a car. G 1 Add a positive tag to each sentence. 2 Add a negative tag to each sentence. a Madagascal' isn't in the Atlantic Ocean, ..JsJl ? a You were at the same school as Maria, 7 b Astronauts haven't landed on Mars, HH ? .. We.rc,VLtjDLlIl ...... .HH •••••••••••••••••••••••••• c The climate won't get any worse, ? b This is the way to the station'HH ? d The Romans didn't sail to America, ? c You've forgotten to buy the tickets, ? e Chickens can't fly, ? d They understand this problem, ? f The world's population isn't growing in all e Helen is coming to the party, ? countries, ? f The bus took a long time, ? 3 Choose the correct sentence, A or S, for each situation. aA You always know the answer, in fact! A You know the answer, don't you? B You don't know the answer, do you? b I'm sure I left it here, but now I can't find it. A You have seen my bag, haven't you? B You haven't seen my bag, have you? c I knew that he would pass. A Jack passed the exam, didn't he? B Jack didn't pass the exam, did he? d Oh no! That means I'm going to get wet! A It's raining, isn't it? B It's not raining, is it? e You ought to get one. It's a much better way to travel in the city. A You've got a bike, haven't you? B You haven't got a bike, have you? f So we can talk about the final plans then. A You'll be here next week, won't you? B You won't be here next week, will you? g You're really good at it, so I'm sure it isn't the first time. A You've played this game before, haven't you? B You haven't played this garne before, have you? h Why didn't you tell me, I thought he'd already left. A MI'Jones is still waiting for me, isn't he? B MI'Jones isn't still waiting for me, is he? 4 Usethe information to write two sentences. Begin the second sentence with the word in capitals. a Most portable radio s and most CD players need batteries for power. SO Mosl ..porlablc, ..cadios ..Vi.c,c,d..ballc,ric,s ..+oc..pOWc,c..DO ..dO..MDSl..CO ..platjc,rs .... b Airships and helicopters don't need a runway to land. NEITHER c Diesel engines and petrol engines produce exhaust fumes. SO d Wind power and wave power don't cause air pollution. NEITHER e Computers and calculators use e1ectronic microchips. SO f A wireless keyboard and wireless mouse don't require a connecting cable. NEITHER In C O g Some cookers and lighting systems can use solar power. SO +oJIn (]) :J 0- m ro Make a list of ten personal check questions with tags and ask another member of the class. +oJ 2 Make a list of ten quiz check questions with tags and ask another member of the class. ., Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192. infinitive after verbs and adjectives Many verbs and adjectives are foliowed by infinitive constructions, either with bare infinitive (go) or to-infinitive (to go). A good dictionary gives examples of the patterns used. verbs folIowed by bare infinitive make and let (make / let + object + bare infinitive) Factory owners made young chi/dren work twelve hours a day My paren ts don 't let me hoJd noisy parties. would rather ('d rather) Do you want to watch a OVO? No, I'd rather play cards. verbs folIowed by bare infinitive, or to-infinitive help, dare (help / dare + object + bare infinitive / to-infinitive) Computers can heJp us anaJyse / to anaJyse large amounts of information. Nabody dared to make / make a noise. verbs folIowed by to-infinitive aim, fail, intend, leam how, long, manage, need, offer, plan, prefer, refuse, try, want We aim to compJete the wark by next week. Please try to arrive punctually at 8.30. verbs folIowed by to-infinitive, or that-c1ause decide, expect, hope, promise, threaten, wam We decided to Jeave early We decided that we wouJd leave early As these verbs often refer to the future, the that-clause often contains would. With the verb pretend, the that-c1ause often contains a past tense verb. Jack pretended to be iiI. Jack pretended that he was iiI. verbs folIowed by an object and to-infinitive advise, allow, dare, encourage, forbid, force, instruct, order, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell They advised me to tryagain later. Tom's mother taught him to cook. verbs folIowed by to-infinitive, or -ing (seealso Unit 15) begin, start, hate, like, love A fter an hour, the spectators began to Jeave the stadium. A fter an hour, the spectators began Jeaving the stadium. adjectives folIowed by to-infinitive • These can describe how someone feels about something, for example: afraid, anxious, ashamed, careful, determined, free, frightened, happy, keen, quick, ready, sorry, willing. Peter was determined to pass the exam. Some adjectives can also be foliowed by a preposition. See Unit 42. • We can give an opinion about something, using adjectives such as agreeable, amusing, boring, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, nice, good, important, necessary. It's easy to fali over on the ice. • Adjectives can be used in phraseswith be, for example: be supposed to, be expected to, be allowed to, be prepared to. Sorry, but yo u 're not allowed to wait here. e 1 Underline six other examples of verb ar adjective folIowed by the to-infinitive, and one example of verb ar adjective folIowed by the bare infinitive. In India all children are supposed to go to school went to school themselves, so they don't ex.-pec:~~ between the ages of six and 14. In fact in the children to go. Many parents are also so poor thu_ countryside it is very difficult for young children to they don't let their children go to school, but pre~c:.. get an education because the govemment has failed to send them to work instead, because they need we to build enough schools, and also because transport money. Children from richer families, on the other is difficult, and children need to take the bus to get to hand, often live near good schools, and their parents school. There are few buses, so most children go on encourage them to pass their exams so that they can foot. On top of all these problems, many parents never get good jobs. 2 Complete each sentence using a verb from the list. decide to h A"" n tA leam how to manage to prefer to a In developed countries, most students hore,lo "HH continue into higher education. b They know that if they ..get a university degree, they will stand more chance of getting a good job. c Those who.. HHHHH leave school at the age of 16 usually have opportunities to continue in education in a college of further education. d This is the kind of college where you can ..