Foreword The American Psychological Association says of hate crime “ . not only is it an attack on one’s physical self, but it is also an attack on one’s very identity.” Attacks upon individuals because of a difference in how they look, pray, or behave have long been a part of human history. It is only recently, however, that our society has given it a name and decided to monitor it, study it, and legislate against it. As a result, law enforcement has been given the task of identifying and responding to bias-motivated crime. In order to discharge this duty, the criminal justice community must have adequate information about the nature and prevalence of hate crime. The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program has been a primary source of crime statistics for the use of law enforcement since the Program’s establishment in 1929. When the Hate Crimes Statistics Act of 1990 was passed, the UCR Program was the logical choice to become a clearinghouse for the collection and sharing of data regarding these distinct crimes. Since 1991, the Program has compiled and published statistics on offenses determined by law enforcement to have been driven by bias against race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and since 1994, disability. This edition of Hate Crime Statistics is the latest presentation in this series aimed at better equipping law enforcement to handle the complex and difficult challenge of dealing with hate crime. The national Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program would like to hear from you. The staff at the national UCR Program are continuously striving to improve our publications. We would appreciate it if the primary user of this publication would complete the evaluation form at the end of this book and either mail it to us at the indicated address or fax it to 304-625-5394. HATE CRIME STATISTICS, 2002 iii Contents Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Section I—Hate Crime Statistics, 2002 ....................................................................................................... 5 Table 1 Incidents, Offenses, Victims, and Known Offenders by Bias Motivation, 2002.................................... 9 Table 2 Incidents, Offenses, Victims, and Known Offenders by Offense Type, 2002 ...................................... 10 Table 3 Offenses Known Offender’s Race by Offense Type, 2002.................................................................................. 11 Table 4 Offenses Offense Type by Bias Motivation, 2002............................................................................................... 12 Table 5 Offenses Known Offender’s Race by Bias Motivation, 2002.............................................................................. 14 Table 6 Offenses Victim Type by Offense Type, 2002..................................................................................................... 15 Table 7 Victims Offense Type by Bias Motivation, 2002............................................................................................... 16 Table 8 Incidents Victim Type by Bias Motivation, 2002................................................................................................. 18 Table 9 Race of Known Offenders, 2002 Known Offender’s Race ....................................................................................................................... 18 Table 10 Incidents Bias Motivation by Location, 2002...................................................................................................... 19 Table 11 Offenses Offense Type by Participating State, 2002 ........................................................................................... 20 Section II—Jurisdictional Hate Crime Statistics, 2002............................................................................ 23 Table 12 Agency Hate Crime Reporting by State, 2002 ..................................................................................... 24 Table 13 Hate Crime Incidents Bias Motivation by State, Agency Type, and Number of Quarters Reported, 2002............................. 25 Table 14 Zero Hate Crime Data Submitted Number of Quarters Reported by State and Agency Type, 2002 ......................................................... 55 Appendix—State Uniform Crime Reporting Programs......................................................................... 139 HATE CRIME STATISTICS, 2002 iii HATE CRIME STATISTICS, 2002 1 Introduction When Congress passed the Hate Crime Collection Design law enforcement’s commitment to Statistics Act of 1990, lawmakers participate by identifying and reporting mandated the collection of information The hate crime data collection program hate crimes is crucial to the national regarding crimes motivated by a bias was designed to capture information Program’s success. against race, religion, sexual orientation, about the types of bias that motivate and/or ethnicity/national origin. The a crime, the nature of the offense, and Participation Attorney General designated the FBI some attributes of the victims and to satisfy that requirement. With the offenders. In creating the program, During 2002, more than 17,000 law cooperation and assistance of many developers considered many factors enforcement agencies participated in the local and state law enforcement agencies and recognized that hate crimes are national UCR Program. Of that total, familiar with the investigation of hate not separate, distinct crimes. Instead, 12,073 agencies in 49 states and the crimes and the collection of related hate crimes were, and continue to District of Columbia, representing 247 information, the UCR Program created be, traditional offenses motivated by million inhabitants or 85.7 percent of the a data collection system to comply with the offender’s bias. For example, Nation’s population, participated in the the congressional mandate. The UCR an offender may commit an assault hate crime program. first published information regarding because of a bias he or she has against Agencies reporting data hate crime data collection in Hate Crime the victim’s race, religion, sexual through Summary or the National Statistics, 1990: A Resource Book, a orientation, ethnicity or national Incident-Based Reporting System compilation of hate crime data reported origin, or disability. Therefore, it was (NIBRS) submit hate crime data to the by 11 states that had collected them not necessary to create new crime FBI either through state UCR Programs under state authority in 1990 and were categories; hate crime data could or directly (agencies in non-Program willing to participate. After the national be obtained by collecting additional states). (A directory of state UCR Program implemented a uniform method information about crimes currently Programs is available in the Appendix of data collection, the inaugural edition being reported to the UCR Program. of this publication.) The table on the of Hate Crime Statistics presented Law enforcement’s support and following page presents the number of data reported by participating law participation are vital in moving the hate law enforcement agencies participating enforcement agencies throughout the crime data collection effort from concept in UCR and hate crime reporting by Nation in 1992. to reality. Those organizations that population group and the population The Violent Crime and Law have endorsed the UCR Program’s hate covered collectively by those agencies Enforcement Act of 1994 amended the crime program include the International within the group. Hate Crime Statistics Act to include bias Association of Chiefs of Police, the Valid information is critical to against disabilities. The FBI started National Sheriffs’ Association, the law enforcement in developing effective gathering data for the additional bias former UCR Data Providers Advisory measures to combat bias-motivated motivation on January 1, 1997. Further, Policy Board (which is now part of crime. By participating in the hate the Church Arson Prevention Act, the Criminal Justice Information crime data collection program, law which was signed into law in July 1996, Services Advisory Policy Board), the enforcement agencies are raising the removed the sunset clause from the International Association of Directors Nation’s awareness of bias-motivated original statute and indefinitely extended of Law Enforcement Standards crimes. the mandate, hence making hate crime and Training, and the Association data collection a permanent part of the of State Uniform Crime Reporting UCR Program. Programs. In addition to this support, HATE CRIME STATISTICS, 2002 1 Number of Participating Agencies and Population Covered by Population Group, 2002 Agencies participating in Uniform Crime Reporting Agencies participating in UCR hate crime reporting Number of participating Number of participating Population group agencies Population covered agencies Population covered Total 17,324 288,368,698 12,073 247,246,683 Group I (Cities 250,000 and over) 71 53,175,169 68 51,702,693 Group II (Cities 100,000 - 249,999) 171 25,571,226 149 22,330,767 Group III (Cities 50,000 - 99,999) 423 29,153,832 371 25,781,927 Group IV (Cities 25,000 - 49,999) 803 27,912,096 699 24,367,427 Group V (Cities 10,000 - 24,999) 1,867 29,581,897 1,528 24,135,473