Major causes of poverty pdf Continue It was once a fad among New Yorkers vacationing in Florida to bring back baby alligators for their children to raise as pets. These baby alligators eventually grew up and survived their mercy, sadly speaking, at which point their desperate owners flushed them down the toilet to get rid of them. Some of these hastily got rid of the Saurian managed to survive and breed in Manhattan's damp sewer system, so the story goes by producing a colony of giant, albino alligators under the streets of New York City. Their descendants thrive there to this day, completely hidden - apart from the rare cardiac arrest of the encounter between a sewer alligator and a sewer worker, that is - from human eyes. I love this story just like the next guy, but it's folklore, not fact. Herpetologists fluff-pooh very idea alligators are thriving in the sewer system of New York. It's cold out there most of the time, they point to - freezing cold in winter - and alligators require a warm environment all year round to survive, much less breed and storm in the colony. If the cold weather doesn't kill them, the contaminated sewer water will certainly be. There's a grain of truth at the center of this decades-old urban legend, however, namely the documented capture of an eight-foot-long alligator at the bottom of east Harlem's hatch in 1935 - though no one at the time assumed the creature actually lived there. Instead, it was stated that the 'alligator probably fell off the steamer visiting northeast of the mysterious Everglades, or so, and then swam up the Harlem River. He met an unfortunate end at the hands of teenagers who found him. The earliest published reference to alligators in the sewer - in what Ian Harold Brunwand calls a standardized form of urban legend (baby alligator pets, blushed, thrived in sewers) - can be found in the 1959 book, World Under the City, a history of public services in New York written by Robert Daly. Daley's source was a retired sewer official named Teddy May, who claimed that during his tenure in the 1930s he personally investigated workers' reports of underground Saurians and saw their colony with his own eyes. He also claimed to have controlled their liquidation. May was a colorful narrator, if not particularly reliable. The tale was well known throughout the United States by the late 1960s, when, according to folklorist Richard M. Dorson, it became associated with another sewer knowledge icon, the mythical New York White - a particularly potent, albino strain of marijuana growing wild from seeds poured from bags of hastily washed off toilets during drug raids. Not that anyone has ever actually seen things, much less smoked it. You see, it was impossible to harvest all alligators. Adding fodder to the legend is the fact that wayward alligators - escaped or abandoned pets, we assume - sometimes turn on the streets of New York, and can never cause a noise. For example: June 2001 - A small alligator (actually a caiman, as it turned out) was spotted and eventually captured in Central Park. November 2006 - A two-foot-long caiman is captured outside an apartment building in Brooklyn. Police say he got hooked and washed on them. August 2010 - A two-legged alligator is captured in queens after eyewitnesses noticed it hiding under a parked car. What better metaphor for a city as a jungle than the belief that a New York sewer system is filled with albino alligators that float through toilets and bite victims in public restrooms? - Gary Alan Fine, folklorist the theme of displaced creatures is old, and modern folklore has generated a lot of rumors about animals - usually scary - lurking where it doesn't belong. - Jan Harold Brunwand, folklorist I would bring leftovers from lunch, a long line and a hook, and spend part of the day in the sewer. I've seen rats, cockroaches - probably caught a lot of diseases - but I've never seen anything like an alligator. - Frank Indiviglio, herpetologist It's like a Loch Ness monster or Big Foot. People believe in these stories to the point that it makes sense. - Esteban Rodriguez, NYC sewer worker Are alligators living in a New York sewer? Direct doping Cecil Adams doesn't think so. Sewer Gators: Fact and FictionAn interviewed herpetologist Frank Indiviglio, who says alligators couldn't survive in New York's sewer system. Gatored CommunityCommentary Barbara Mikkelson for Urban Legends Reference Page. Tales from the urban CryptNew York Daily News: A long-running feature covering some of the city's most urban legends, including sewer alligators. The source of Brunwand, Jan H. Too good to be true: The Colossal Book of Urban Legends. New York: W.W. Norton, 1999, 182-185. Brunwand, Jan H. Vanishing Hitchhiker: American urban legends and their meanings. New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 90-98. Coleman, Lauren. Alligators in the sewers: journalistic origin. Journal of American Folklore 92 (1979): 335-338. Daley, Robert. The world is under the city. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1959, page 187-189. Dorson, Richard M. America in legend. New York: Pantheon Books, 1973, p. 291-292. The latest update 07/05/15 Created with the most basic stitches, these five simple designs are perfect for kids just learning to sew. Photo Alexander Grablewski These designs were tested on the road in the backyard sewing camp I ran last summer for a bunch of eager participants between the ages of 6 and 12 - my own children, Harry and Ava, among others. I set out to develop a quick and simple that will capture the imagination of children. A A Item, a soft toy with its own place to sleep, a game, and a cute keychain seemed to cover all the bases. The children agreed and our camp kept us in stitches for many happy hours. First, the simplest T-shirt dress ever: Multiple sewing lines turn an adult's tee into a cool and comfortable dress or shirt. For an extra style, add a stencil monogram. Advertising Photography Photography by Alexandra Grablewski This project teaches kids how to make a small pillow - and leaves them with a new best friend. Photo Alexandra Grablevski Stitch is the perfect haven for her beloved stuffed animal. If your kids have outgrown their PJ's flannel, this is a great way to upcycle them! Advertising Photography By Alexander Grablewski This portable game mat is dressed with a play-play pieces button (taking expeditions to select them can be part of the fun). If you want, make a small bag for them, using felt circle and thread or ribbon tie. Photo Alexander Grablewski Designing your own shapes for these fobs or trace our templates inspired by The Japanese kawaii (cute) style. Originally published in August 2013, FamilyFun Gear-obsessed editors choose every product we review. We can earn commissions if you buy by clicking. How we test the equipment. How to keep our sewers This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported to this page to help users provide their email addresses. You may be able to find more information about this and similar content on piano.io Advertising - Continue reading below the minimum slope of the sewer pipe drain directly correlates with the diameter of the pipe in inches. For example, a diameter of 4 inches pipe would have a minimum drain slope of 0.0084. The calculation used to calculate the slope of sewer drain is S'V/1.486/n'(D/4) (2/3) . The slope is useful in drain sewer pipes because it is calculated to provide a minimum cleaning speed when the pipe is at full flow or half of the flow. The minimum speed is usually two to three feet per second. For large diameters of pipes, other considerations, such as subsidence, can be evaluated in calculations. Did you know that replacing a sewer line can cost thousands of dollars? As septic systems age, they can crack and leak. When this happens, the lines can become clogged and sewage can back up time in your home causing even more expensive water damage as well as potentially exposing your family to health risks. Damage to sewer lines can cause inconvenience to homeowners and costly repairs after water damage. A few problems you may experience are: damage Lines include blocking and backup sky indoor toilets and other plumbing, the bad smell of sewer gas in your home, blocked drains, mold, outdoor water leaks on the lawn, pools with septic water in your yard, funnels, rodents/insect infestation, and and in your fund. No one wants to deal with all the inconveniences and expenses without having a plan in place. You have several options when it comes to buying a sewer protection plan. Since many homeowners insurance policies exclude sewerage coverage, you may be able to add coverage to the endorsement (also called rider to the policy) to cover the backup sewer. You can check with your current homeowners insurance company to see if this approval is available and what the specific cost of adding sewerage line coverage along with what types of water damage are covered. Another option is to buy the policy from a company that specializes in protecting sewer lines. Why you should get it Many homeowners insurance policies do not include sewerage coverage automatically, but they can be added with approval or rider. Septic tanks can crack and leak as they age, causing water to go up in your home, causing mold damage and bad smells.