Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60919-7 — The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers Edited by Richard B. Lee , Richard Daly Index More Information 493 INDEX An italic p after a page reference indicates a photograph; an italic m indicates a map; an italic t indicates a table. Abenaki (Eastern North America), 26 see also specific groups and Albert National Park (Congo), 471 Abipón, 110 countries alcohol (consumption of), 450, 453, 455 Abler, T.,5 African pebble culture, 127 see also individual Case Studies Aborigines, 317–22 African political systems (Fortes and Aleksandrov,V.A., 156 art and music, 436, 439, 442, 443p, Evans-Pritchard), 404 Alekseenko, Evgeniia A., 156–60 443–5, 446 Aglukark, Susan, 436, 437 Alekseev,V.P.,166 assimilation, 320 agricultural societies, 3, 419–20, 442 Aleut (Alaska), 27, 31 gender relations, 412, 416, 417 alcohol use, 450 Algonquian language group (Eastern genocide, 469 ancient agrarian kingdoms, 467, 468 North America), 26, 36, 41 identity, 321, 322 concept of property, 378 Algonquins (Eastern North America), land rights and title, 321t, 322t, 474, cultivation of wild plants, 80 24m, 26 476, 484 vs. forager societies, 419–20 Allen, J., 326, 327 population, 321t foragers shift to, 32–3, 90 Altman, J., 9, 368, 369, 442, 446 prehistory, 317–18, 324–7 interaction with foragers, 33, 181, Alvarado Bay, 104 reserves, 320, 470–1, 474 187, 188, 241–2, 275, 387–8 Alyawarre (Australia), 329 tribal societies, 319 in North America, 31–3 Amasili (Zimbabwe), 176t see also Australia; rice, 284 Amazonia, 77–83, 420 Dreaming/Dreamtime secondary adaptation to foraging, 3, classification of foragers, 79–80 Aborigines’ Protection Society, 469 77–8, 80–1, 175–6, 248, 275, 278 Amazonia (Meggers), 79 Accord Centre for Tribal Research and in South America, 79–80, 90 American Anthropological Association, Training (India), 260 swiddeners, 275, 277, 278, 280 462 Aché (Paraguay), 78m, 81–3, 90, 93p, symbiotic relation with foragers, 233, American Museum of Natural History, 413, 414 248 121 Acheson, J., 397 see also horticultural societies Ames, K., 33 Achirgina-Arsiak, T.,138 agroforestry, 79–80 Amnesty International, 480 Adamawa-Oubanguian language Agta (Luzon, Philippines), 276m, 284, Ancient hunters and their modern group, 178 289–93, 290p, 291p, 411, 412p, 413, representatives (Sollas), 7 Adams, J., 71 451p Andaman Homes, 243 adaptation, secondary, 3, 77–8, 80–1, Ahtna (Dene Nation, North America), Andaman Islanders (Bay of Bengal, 175–6, 248, 275, 278 26 India), 231–6, 232m, 243–7, 276m, adaptationist approach, 8, 11 AIDS, 452 277, 298, 401p, 415, 445 Adhikary, Ashim K., 248–51 Ainu (Japan and Siberia), 120m, 122, Anderson, David G., 121, 125, 142–6, advocacy organizations, 484–5, 487–92 132–6, 133p, 134p, 430, 447p 476 aerobic fitness, 454–5 Utari Kyokai, 136 Anderson, E. N., 421 Aeta (Philippines), 275, 276m, 277, Aipin, Eremei, 164, 165 Anderson, M. K., 415, 421 281t, 289, 298 Aka Pygmies (Central African Republic Andes, 86–9 Afanas’eva, G. M., 166 and Congo), 176t, 177m, 178, coastal region, 88 affluence (of forager societies), 8, 9, 206, 190–4, 191p, 192p, 210 highland regions, 86–8, 89 391 Aksianova, G. A., 121, 130 André, M., 54 Africa, 175–229 Alaska, 61, 62p, 140 Angola, 175, 176t, 205–9 historical status of foragers, 175–6 migration to, 31, 61, 127, 388 Angus, G. F.,381 hunter-gatherer archaeology, 185–8, Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, animals 186m 64 as element of religion, 426–7 hunter-gatherer populations, 175–81, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, ethnobiological classification, 419–20 176t, 177m 482 extinction, 326 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60919-7 — The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers Edited by Richard B. Lee , Richard Daly Index More Information 494 Index hunters’ relationship with prey, 42, ephemeral nature, 442, 444 Kimberley, 284, 317, 318m, 339–42 64, 409, 422, 430, 435 forager concept, 442–3 Kimberley Law and Culture, 342 management and production, 421 grave poles, 355p Mabo Decision, 321–2, 342, 361, shaman’s association with, 427 market for, 446 484 stocking of, 287 multi-functional crafts, 223, 442, Melville and Bathurst Islands, 353–7 as totems, 426 443–5 Mer (Murray) Island, 321, 359, 476p Anmatyerre (Australia), 329 “primitive,”441–2 migration to, 284, 317, 324, 326, 386 Annahaamu, C., 261 sand sculpture, 369p national identity, 322 Annandale, N., 307 Western attitudes toward, 441–2 Native Title Act (1993), 338, 342, 484 anthropogenic forests, 79–80 see also rock art Queensland Aboriginal Land Act anthropology Arunta, The (Spencer and Gillen), 330 (1981), 338 attitudes to colonial policies, 469, Arutiunov, S. A., 121, 130 Tanami Desert, 363 471–2 Asch, Michael, 28, 46–50 terra nullius, 322, 476 as discipline, 7–12 Asian Development Bank, 481 Wyrie Swamp (site), 326 ethical responsibilities, 12, 458, Asmat (Irian Jaya, Indonesia), 278 see also Aborigines 462–3 assimilation, 181, 320, 469–71, 473–8 Austroasiatic languages, 307 feminist, 9 cultural, 475–7 Austronesian cultures, 215, 275, 279, importance of rigorous research, 462 through education, 136 284, 287 Marxist, 379 Assiniboin (Plains, North America), 36 authority, situational, 416 anthropomorphization of natural Association of Ket People, 159 Autonomous Districts environment, 80 Association of the Northern Peoples of in China, 303, 305 Anti-Slavery International, 484 Taimyr, 146 in Russia, 123 Anti-Slavery Society, 468–9 Association of the Taimyr Peoples, 169 see also specific districts Anuchin,V.I., 156 Astuti, R., 215 autonomy, personal, 235, 406–7, 408, Apachean speakers (Plains, North Athapascan language group, 26, 31, 46, 416 America), 36, 424 71 axis mundi, 429 apartheid, 208, 482, 484 Atkinson, G., 396 Ayoreo (Bolivia), 105 Arabia, 389 Atkinson, J. H., 426, 427, 428, 431 Ayta (Luzon, Philippines), 275 Arandic language group, 329 atlatl, 386 Arapaho (Plains, North America), 36 Attungana, Patrick (Kimmialuk), 64 Babine (Dene Nation, North America), Arawak (language), 97 Aucas (Ecuador), 101 26 Arcand, Bernard, 10, 97–100 //Au//ei (Botswana), 179 Bagsall, M. E., 33 archaeology (of hunter-gatherers), Aushiri Indians (Ecuador), 101 Bahn, P.,441 384–9, 385m Austin, Margaret, 73p Bahuchet, Serge, 81, 178, 190–4 three-age theory, 379 Australia, 317–71, 386 Bailey, R. C., 81, 175, 178, 276 see also specific regions (North Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Baka Pygmies (Cameroon), 176t, 177m, America, South Asia, etc.) Commission, 320–1, 361 178, 190 Archaic Period, 31, 34 Aboriginal Areas Protection balanced reciprocity, 400 Arctic and Subarctic regions, 119–72 Authority, 333 Baldwin, D., 278 migration from south, 119, 122 Aboriginal Land Commission, 331p Balée, William, 77, 79–80, 81, 105–9, North America, 24m, 26, 41–65, 470 Aboriginal Land Rights Act (1976), 419–20 North Eurasia, 127 321, 333, 353, 356, 363, 366, 370 Bali, 284 see also specific groups (Inuit, Evenki, Alice Springs, 329, 333 Balikci, A., 413, 415, 416, 427 etc.) Arnhem Land, 317, 367–71, 439, Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam, 121, 125, “Arctic rose”(Aglukark), 437 443–4, 472 439 Argentina, 77, 114–18 Cape York, 318m, 335–8 Bamforth, D., 5 archaeological sites, 87 Central Land Council, 333, 351 band organization, 3–4, 235, 350, 380, colonial conquest, 469 Community Development 381, 399–410 Toba, 6, 110p, 110–14, 394p, 413 Employment Projects, 320–1 composite, 402 Arikara (Plains, North America), 36 Council for Reconciliation, 322 ecological adaptation, 402 Arkhipov, N. D., 121 cultural diversity, 319–20, 326 focus, 408 Arnold, J. E., 34 desert (“dot”) paintings, 322, 348, Innu, 51p Arom, S., 190 443p internal cleavages, 401 Arrernte (Australia), 318m, 319, dingos, 286–7, 327 membership, 402, 403, 405 329–34, 330p, 331p Gibson Desert, 348, 349 patrilineal, 402 art, visual, 441–7 Hindmarsh Island bridge patrilocal, 402 bead-work, 481p controversy, 346–7 role of family, 400–1 contemporary, 446 hunter-gatherer archaeology, 324–7, theories of organization, 8 cultural significance, 446 325m vs. tribal societies, 400–1 definitions, 442, 443 hunter-gatherer population, 317–22, see also leadership; individual Case desert (“dot”) paintings, 322, 348, 318m, 321t, 322t Studies 433p isolation, 317, 324, 327 Bangladesh, 238 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60919-7 — The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers Edited by Richard B. Lee , Richard Daly Index More Information Index 495 banks, multilateral development, 481 Bernatzik, Ellie, 280 Bogoras, Waldemar, 137, 139 Bannock (Plains, North America), 36 Bernatzik, Hugo A., 279, 280 Boinem, Marie, 437 Bantu language group, 115, 178, 187, Berndt, Catherine H., 343, 344, 345, Bolina, Tatiana Vasilivena, 145 190, 195, 210, 388, 431 411, 413–14 Bolivia, 83, 105–9 Barac,Victor, 14, 434–9 Berndt, R. M., 341, 343, 344, 345, 348, Bol’shakov, N. N., 169 barbarism, 379 370, 430 bone ornaments, 326 Barbeau, C. Marius, 26, 28, 71 Berreman, Gerald D., 14, 275, 457–63, Boni (Kenya), 175, 176t, 177m, 180, 187 Bardon, G., 322, 348 476 Bonnetrouge, Clifford, 46 Barnard, Alan, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 175, 235, Bettinger, R. L., 9, 34, 35, 482 boomerang, 386 375–82, 393, 430 Beynon, William, 28, 71 Borneo, 269, 275, 278, 279, 284, 285, Barnes, H. E., 7 Bhowmick, P.K., 252 286, 312–16, 474 Barnes, R. H., 480 Bhutan, 238 Bororo (Brazil), 78m, 80, 90 Bartels, Alice, 125, 164–5 biblical Flood, 375, 379 Bos, R., 370 Bartels, Dennis, 125, 164–5 Biesele, Megan, 175, 179, 205–9, 427, Boster, J. S., 79 barter, 378 428, 429, 430 Botkin, D., 421 Basso, K. H., 424 Bihor (India), 231–6, 232m, 248p, Botswana, Republic of, 176t, 179, Baswara, see San 248–51, 249p 195–9, 205–9, 225–9, 482 Batak (Palawan Island, Philippines), Binford, L.