CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE L. CN510 .822"^" ""'"^'^'^y Library olin The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924029785759 LATIN EPIGRAPHY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, Manager LONDON : FETTER LANE, E.C. 4 NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS BOMBAY ] CALCUTTA [ MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. MADRAS . J TORONTO : J. M. DENT AND SONS, Ltd. lOKYO : MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED : LATIN EPIGRAPHY AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS . BY Sir JOHN EDWIN SANDYS, Litt.D., F.B.A., FELLOW OF ST JOHN's COLLEGR, AND PUBLIC ORATOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE HON. LITT.D. DUBLIN ; HOX. LL.D. EDINBURGH AND ATHENS WITH FIFTY ILLUSTRATIONS Cambridge at the University Press 1919 . — 510 ,4Si'-U.«'S Y*^'-^ Cum maximas per urbem . '.Ireliquias undique solo disiectas aspexisset, lapides et ipsi magnarum rerum gestarum maiorem longe quam ipsi libri fidem et notitiam praebe7'e videbatitur. Quam ob rem et reliqua per orbem diffusa videre atque litteris mandare proposuit (1424). Fr. Scalamonti, Vita Kiriaci Anconitani (p. 22 infra\ p. Ixxii, ed. Colucci, Delle Antichita Picene, T. xv, Fermo, 1792. Inscriptiones Latinae aeiatis Romanae per totum orbem terrarum antiquum dispersarum colligi non possunt neque unius hominis opera neque omnino cerlorum aliquot hominum ad id delectorum. Immo, ut eiusmodi inceptum perficiatur, populi omnes litterarum Latinarum heredes concurrant consocienturque necesse est. W. Henzen, Praefatio ad Inscriptioiies Urbis Romae Latinae, C.I.L., vol. vi (i), Berolini, 1876. Studia epigraphica hoc praecipuum habent et quasi iivinii7n, ut ex sui quemque cubiculi angustiis in publicum campum erudilos viros evocent, et, dum communis humanitatis nostrae originis admonent, diversarum nationum optimos quosqlie consocient. Cf. MoMMSEN, Praefatio ad C.I.L., vol. iii(i), 1873. E tenebris luxfacta est, et desperationem. successus excepit (1852 1883). Id. Praefatio ad C.I.L., vol. ix-x, 1883. PREFACE EIGHT years ago, I had the privilege of editing for the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press a work which was prepared by the loyal co-operation of seven and twenty con- tributors, under the title of A Companion to Latin Studies. On its first appearance, it was well received by classical scholars at home and abroad, and especially in the United States of America; and it was republished, in a partially revised form, only three years later. In editing that work, I had originally hoped that the Chapter. on Latin Epigraphy might possibly be written by a recognised expert in the practical ^study of Roman Inscriptions. As my hope remained unfulfilled, I found it necessary to add this item to the list of my own undertakings as editor. Fortunately, I was already familiar with the general course of the study of the subject in the last five centuries, as unfolded in the second and third volumes of A History of Classical Scholarship ; and I was easily able to learn more from the published works of the principal modern authorities. The result appeared in the form of a Chapter fiUing thirty-seven pages, and including twenty-two illustrations. Early in 19 16 I received two letters from a member of the great teaching profession in one of the lands across the seas, a stranger to myself, suggesting that this brief Chapter might serve as a basis for a short and inexpensive ' Introduction to the study of Latin Inscriptions ', which might be useful to classical students who were interested in Latin literature, but were not necessarily aiming at becoming specialists in Latin epigraphy. Accordingly, after conferring with my friend the Master of Emmanuel, I sub- mitted a proposal for the preparation of such a work, which was promptly accepted by the Syndics. Hitherto, there has been a kind of consensus as to the topics which ought to be treated in any such Introduction : the principal VIU PREFACE divergence has been on points of order and arrangement. Thus, in all the three well-known treatises published in Germany (1886 etc.) and France (1885 etc.), and in the United States (1896 etc.), and respectively bearing the names of the late Professor Hiibner of the Berlin Academy, of M. Rene Cagnat of the French Institute, and of Professor James C. Egbert of Columbia Uni-. versity, now President of the Archaeological Institute of America, an elaborate dissertation on Roman Names fills many pages before the reader is permitted to reach the study of the actual Inscriptions, while, in the second and third of those treatises, there are also long lists of Roman Officials, with disquisitions on the intricacies of the cursus honorum, and a great series of Roman Emperors, with tabulated conspectuses of their complicated chro- nology. Similarly, even in the handy little volume produced at Milan (in 1898) by Dr Serafino Ricci, Director of the Numismatic IV^useum in the Brera, these three vast subjects, and others of a similar character, are the theme of no less than seventeen excursuses, which present themselves as perhaps unduly distracting episodes in the general course of the student's progress. The present work (which is the first introductory manual of Classical Latin Epigraphy to be published in England) begins with a survey of the principal references to, or quotations from, Latin inscriptions in Classical authors. This has not hitherto been attempted in any manual. Had the survey been brought down to the Latin literature of England, it might have included some mention of William of Malmesbury's quotation of a vanished Latin inscription, marii victoriae, which he had himself seen when it was part of the Roman work in the walls of Carlisle^ This survey of Classical authors is succeeded by a general outline of the modern study of Latin inscriptions, first in Italy, and next in Germany, Switzerland, and France, with some account of modern ' collec- tions of inscriptions', whether in pubhshed works or in public museums. As soon as the various forms of the letters of the Alphabet have been sufficiently treated for ordinary practical purposes, the student is introduced to the two great classes of Inscriptions ; (I) inscrip- tions proper, with their subdivisions of sepulchral, dedicatory, ^ Gesta Pontificum Anglontm, p. 209 in Rolls Series (1870). ; PREFACE IX honorary inscriptions ; inscriptions on public works, or on portable objects ; and (II) documentary inscriptions, such as copies of laws, or legal agreements. Both of these classes are exemplified by means of selected inscriptions, with a few facsimiles of each. This part of the work ends with a chapter on Language and Style, and another on the Restoration and Criticism of Inscriptions. Roman Names, Roman Officials, and Roman Emperors are reserved for the first three Appendices. The addition of the last of these is mainly due to the fact that a knowledge of the peculiar methods used for recording the 'regnal' years of Roman emperors is absolutely necessary to enable us to determine the date of a very large number of imperial inscriptions. Next follows an Appendix consisting of Six Historical Inscrip- tions. This includes the whole of the available Latin text of the Res gestae divi Augusti, by far the most important of the historical inscriptions of the early Roman empire—an authoritative docu- ment written by Augustus himself near the close of his life, in the form of a supremely dignified retrospect of his public career. For the purpose of forming a revised recension of the text, I have naturally begun with Momrasen's monumental edition of 1883, which was mainly founded on the copy of this great inscription which is still preserved on the walls of a Roman temple at Ancyra in Galatia, now well known as Angora, in north-central Asia Minor I have also examined, at first-hand, almost the whole of the widely scattered literature of this subject, which has appeared in the thirty years from 1883 to 1913 ; and I have ended with the latest and most welcome evidence supplied by the diminutive fragments of the Latin text discovered in June, 1914, by Sir W. M. Ramsay at Antioch in Pisidia. This Appendix also includes an extract from one of the harangues which Hadrian, the greatest traveller of all the Roman emperors, addressed to one of his armies in Northern Africa; and the preamble (and a specimen of one of the schedules) of the celebrated Edict of Diocletian, which aimed at fixing a maximum price for provisions and, indeed, for all articles of com- merce, as well as a maximum rate of wages. As the main difficulty that confronts us in the study of Latin Inscriptions lies in the numerous Abbreviations, Appendix V sup- plies a classified and graduated series of Sixty Inscriptions with s. L. I. b X PREFACE abbreviated phrases, and Appendix VI an alphabetical List of Abbreviations selected from such as appeared most likely to be of service to students. The twenty-two 'illustrations', which appeared in the Cambridge Companion to Latin Studies, have been reproduced with a single alteration {4), and with certain additions bringing the total number to fifty. I may here repeat, from the preface to the Cotnpanion, the statement that seven of the inscriptions had been reproduced on a smaller scale from Ritschl's Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica, and eight from Hiibner's Exempla Scripturae Epi- graphicae, ' the two great repertories of facsimiles from the inscriptions of Republican and Imperial Rome '. Two more in- scriptions have been borrowed from the former, and six from the latter. Hiilsen's important opinions (i) as to the probable form of the elogia in the Forum of Augustus, and (2) as to the arrange- ment of the Fasti Consulares, and the Acta Triumphorum, on the outer walls of the Regia which once adorned the Roman Forum, have been made clear by means of a copy of his restoration of the elogium of Appius Claudius Caecus (31), and by two architectural elevations of the Regia (43 a and b), which have been drawn for this work by Miss Talbot of Cambridge.