HLPE REPORT 7 Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition A report by The High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition June 2014 2 HLPE Steering Committee members (June 2014) Per Pinstrup-Andersen (Chair) Maryam Rahmanian (Vice-Chair) Amadou Allahoury Marion Guillou Sheryl Hendriks Joanna Hewitt Masa Iwanaga Carol Kalafatic Bernardo Kliksberg Renato Maluf Sophia Murphy Ruth Oniang’o Michel Pimbert Magdalena Sepúlveda Huajun Tang HLPE Project Team members Christophe Béné (Team Leader) Gro-Ingunn Hemre Moenieba Isaacs Vijay Gupta Modadugu Meryl Williams Ningsheng Yang Coordinator of the HLPE Vincent Gitz This report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) has been approved by the HLPE Steering Committee. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Committee on World Food Security, of its members, participants, or of the Secretariat. 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A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2014. 3 4 This report is dedicated to the memory of Chandrika Sharma 5 HLPE Reports series #1 Price volatility and food security (2011) #2 Land tenure and international investments in agriculture (2011) #3 Food security and climate change (2012) #4 Social protection for food security (2012) #5 Biofuels and food security (2013) #6 Investing in smallholder agriculture for food security (2013) #7 Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition (2014) #8 Food losses and waste in the context of sustainable food systems (2014) All HLPE reports are available at www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe 6 Contents FOREWORD ............................................................................................................. 11 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................. 13 Main findings..................................................................................................................................... 13 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................... 18 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 23 1 IMPORTANCE OF FISH FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION ................. 27 1.1 Fish for food: growing significance of fish availability and demand ................................ 27 1.1.1 Trends in fish production .............................................................................................. 27 1.1.2 Trends in fish consumption: Fish for whom? ................................................................ 30 1.1.3 Trends in prices of fish ................................................................................................. 31 1.1.4 Outlook in fish supply and demand .............................................................................. 32 1.2 Fish for cash: fisheries and aquaculture activities as a source of income and livelihoods for food security .................................................................................................. 34 1.3 Fish self-consumption for household nutrition security .................................................... 36 1.4 Fish’s nutrition and human health benefits.......................................................................... 37 1.5 Fish losses and implications on food security and nutrition ............................................. 40 2 TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE FOR BETTER FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION .................................................. 43 2.1 Some important features of the sector to understand how it relates to sustainability ... 43 2.2 Resource and environmental risks and pressures affecting the world fisheries and consequences for food security ............................................................................................ 45 2.2.1 Overfishing and the “world fisheries crisis” .................................................................. 45 2.2.2 Environmental pressures on marine and inland fisheries ecosystems ........................ 48 2.2.3 Climate change ............................................................................................................. 50 2.3 Opportunities and challenges in aquaculture for food security ........................................ 51 2.3.1 Relative resource efficiency of aquaculture production systems ................................. 51 2.3.2 Aquaculture feed and the use of fishmeal and fish oil.................................................. 52 2.3.3 Challenges and opportunities of genetic improvements in aquaculture....................... 53 2.3.4 Technological opportunities and challenges in aquaculture ........................................ 54 2.4 Economics of fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition: scale and trade aspects .......................................................................................................... 54 2.4.1 Scale of operations and food security .......................................................................... 54 2.4.2 Fish trade and food security ......................................................................................... 59 2.5 Social and gendered aspects of fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition ............................................................................................................................ 65 2.5.1 Social factors affecting food security at household level.............................................. 65 2.5.2 Gender, food security and nutrition .............................................................................. 66 3 GOVERNANCE OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION ................................................................. 73 3.1 Overview of governance issues of fisheries and aquaculture ........................................... 73 3.2 International level governance .............................................................................................. 74 3.2.1 Intergovernmental processes and UN agreements related to sea and fisheries ......... 76 7 3.2.2 Agreements and instruments connected to fish ........................................................... 79 3.2.3 International initiatives .................................................................................................. 80 3.3 Regional level governance ..................................................................................................... 83 3.4 Governance and management of resources at national and sub-national levels ............ 83 3.4.1 Capture quotas ............................................................................................................. 84 3.4.2 Marine Protected Areas and food security ................................................................... 85 3.4.3 Decentralized governance ............................................................................................ 85 3.4.4 Land-water-sea interactions ......................................................................................... 87 3.4.5 Aquaculture development and rights of access to land, water and infrastructure ....... 89 3.4.6 Governance in fish food chains .................................................................................... 90 3.4.7 Implementation of rights-based approaches at national level ...................................... 91 3.5 Better governance for more food security and better nutrition ......................................... 91 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................. 93 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 99 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... 114 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... 115 A1 Total protein consumption in g/capita/day the countries with the highest part of fish in total animal protein consumption in 2010 .......................................................... 115 A2 Nutrient content of fish and other foods (per 100 g) ......................................................... 116 A3 The HLPE project cycle ........................................................................................................ 117 List of Figures Figure 1 Conceptual representation of the different pathways between fish and food security and nutrition ........................................................................................................................ 28 Figure 2 World fish production and utilization in 1950-2012 ............................................................. 29 Figure 3 Relative contribution of aquaculture and capture fisheries to food fish production