DOCTORAL DISSERTATION ANALYSIS OF OLD PUBLIC HOUSING IMPROVEMENT BASED ON POST-OCCUPANCY EVALUATION IN BANGKOK by TANAPHOOM WONGBUMRU 2013DBB402 GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, THE UNIVERSITY OF KITAKYUSHU September 2016 Acknowledgement I wish to express my sincere gravitated to the following persons and agencies who contributed to fulfill this dissertation study. I wish to express my appreciation to Prof.Bart Julien Dewancker, my advisor, for his valuable criticism, guidance, devoting time assistance in the writing of this dissertation. During the whole work he always inspired me to be more creative in writing the dissertation. Without his untiring, devotion, and suggestion it would not be possible for me to complete the dissertation and to give it to the pre- sent form. Next, I would take the opportunity to extend my profound gratitude and thanks to the dissertation supervisory committee members Prof.Hiroatsu Fukuda, Prof.Weijin Gao, and Ass.Prof.Fumiaki Amano for their valuable comments, suggestion, and advice on many issues to improve this dissertation. Furthermore, I would like to thank Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi in provid- ing me scholarship to complete my degree at The University of Kitakyushu. The time and cooperation which was extended to me by Flat Klong Chan Juristic Persons and National Housing Authority staffs were greatly appreciated and cannot be over-expressed. A special thanks to the various staff members of the University of Kitakyushu and Department of Architecture who help and contribution to me. Finally, a special word of thanks is due to my parents that have been encouraging, supportive and shown belief in me and my work. To my lab-mates member of Bart Lab, many thanks for the help and support. My experience in the lab was greatly enhanced as it filled out from them. Last but not least, I would like to thank everyone for their spirit and moral support during my study for the encour- agement they gave me while studying and writing this dissertation. Thank you very much. i Abstract Public housing has been providing in Thailand for low and middle income people, implemented by the National Housing Authority more than 40 years especially in urban area such as Bangkok. However, the quality of living is addressed as a scepticism condition on how dwellers satisfy their living based on physical housing characteristics. Therefore, the existing affordable housing program in term of old and new development schemes which are operated by government agency had been placed to investigate and review. The old public housing, Klong Chan Flat Project, in Bangkok was investigated based on Post-Occupancy Evaluation as well as residents’ feedback and compared to new public housing scheme, Buengkum Baan Eur Arthron. Gathering information of both projects by questionnaire and field survey were analysed with sta- tistical method approach. 30 variables associated with dwelling, building and community features, revealed that residents’ satisfaction of Klong Chan Flat Project could be increased through size of liv- ing area, cost of management, and security of neighborhood as high beta coefficient value. These influenced factors are specially synthesis on three aspects; dwelling unit performance analysis with spatial and thermal comfort aspects, building management and cost situation in order to create a pre- dictive model of building expenditure cost, then the community safety has been analyzed to identify a safety system and a risk area with relationship of safety perception that can be useful for safety man- agement. Finally, to understand public housing on the Eco-village concept under low carbon society of National Housing Authority (NHA) has been examined to find a barrier of housing improvement. It is a long-term housing strategy planning to respond environmental sustainability and energy effi- ciency for the development of low-income housing. Unfortunately, the purchase housing type is seen a limited development as well as retrofitting to contribute based on Eco-Village vision. To deal with low-income housing development, we need to understand how poor people do concern on Low Car- bon Society as a beginning process of Eco-Village implementation. Low-income residents have rated their attitudes in positive through fifteen variables. It is very useful for the government agencies to promote and enhance a rehabilitation program to poor people. The results of this research provide unique information from which improvements in future housing projects could be made. The results of research into the influenced factors of case study may assist the project owners and relevant public housing stakeholders to prioritize specific actions. This result enables analytical platform of in-depth public housing study to identify the ways in improving the quality of life for low income people through living and cultural context approach to sustainable public housing development vision. Keywords: post-occupancy evaluation, low-income public housing, three aspects of improvement ii Table of Contents Abstract... ........................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ ii Table of Contents ..........................................................................................................................iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables................................................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF RESEARCH 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research Statement ................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Research Objectives ............................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Scope of Research .................................................................................................................. 6 1.6 Research Outlines .................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2 AN OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND AND EVALUATION 2.1 Public Housing Overview in Thailand ................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Public Housing Policy .................................................................................................. 9 2.1.2 Public Housing Characteristices ................................................................................ 10 2.2 Evaluating Public Housing Features and Environments ...................................................... 15 2.2.1 Theory of Evaluating Existing Public Housing Conditions ....................................... 15 2.2.3 Public Housing Satisfaction Evauation of National Housing Authority Project ........ 18 2.3 Public Housing Development Vision ................................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Low-Carbon Society in Thailand and its Contribution in Public Housing................. 23 2.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Case Study ............................................................................................................................ 27 3.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................................... 30 3.3 Method and Analysis Techniques ......................................................................................... 32 3.4 Research Framework ............................................................................................................ 35 iii Table of Contents CHAPTER 4 RESIDENT SATISFACTION ANALYSIS OF “OLD” AND “NEW” PUBLIC HOUSING BASED ON POST-OCCUPANCY EVALUATION 4.1 Respondent Profile ............................................................................................................... 37 4.2 Public Housing Satisfaction of “Old” and “New” project ................................................... 40 4.3 Analysis of Personal Information (demographic/socio-economic/living conditions) with Living Satisfaction ....................................................................................................... 47 4.4 Investigating the Influence of Variables on Overall Satisfaction .......................................... 56 4.4.1 Results of the Influence of Personal Profile Variables on Overall satisfaction ......... 57 4.4.2 Results of Sub-variable Satisfaction on Overall Satisfaction ..................................... 60 4.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 63 CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF DWELLING UNIT FEATURES AND ITS EFFECT TO OCCUPANTS