GCSE HISTORY GERMANY 1890-1945 CONFLICT & TENSION 1918-1939 ELIZABETH 1558-1603 POWER & THE PEOPLE c1170-PRESENT Contents Page 3 - 27 PAPER 1: GERMANY 1890-1945 Page 28 – 57 PAPER 1: CONFLICT & TENSION 1918-1939 Page 58 - 83 PAPER 2: ELIZABETH 1559-1603 Page 84 - 132 PAPER 2: POWER & THE PEOPLE c1170-PRESENT 2 GCSE HISTORY PAPER 1 GERMANY 1890-1945 3 Germany before World War ONE Problems faced by the Kaiser Date Event Details 1871 Unification of Before this point Germany had been separate states. Debt Germany was in debt as the Kaiser was spending Germany Prussia was the most powerful. Bismarck unified all the states lots of money on building up his navy. into one country. Socialists The Socialists (who did not like the Kaiser) got 1/3 1888 Kaiser changes Wilhelm Father dies and he becomes Kaiser Wilhelm II of of votes in elections to the Reichstag. Germany. 1898- Naval Laws Allowed for building of Dreadnoughts. Competition Germany was competing with Britain and other 1912 Caused huge amounts of debt for Germany and higher taxes nations over the size of the militaries and empires. 1913 Economic German iron and steel production overtakes Britain’s development Key Individual Details 1914 Outbreak of World War One began. Germany and Austria were against Kaiser Leader of Germany. Not elected. World War France, Britain and Russia. Wilhelm II Wanted to rival Britain’s empire (a place in the One sun) and Navy. Related to the British Royal family – his 1918 Armistice Kaiser abdicated 9th November 1918 grandmother was Queen Victoria 11th November 1918 German politicians sign a ceasefire Jealous of his cousins' empires bringing World War One to an end. 4 Germany before World War ONE Keyword Definition Problems caused by World War One Kaiser Emperor and leader of Germany Bankrupt Germany had borrowed money from USA. Reichstag German Parliament. Factories were exhausted and had only produced Only men over 25 could vote. The Kaiser controlled it. material for the war. Socialism Ideology that wants people to be equal. War pensions would cost the government a lot of Opposed to the Kaiser and his power. money. SPD Socialist Party of Germany. Supported by the workers. Society Some factory owners had made a lot of money Did not like the Kaiser. Divided Workers thought this was unfair as they had to put up Dreadnought Powerful battleship. with rationing and food shortages. Trade Unions Represented workers and tried to improve conditions for Women had worked in the factories whilst most men them. thought their place was in the kitchen. Did not like the Kaiser. Weltpolitik World Policy. Germany trying to gain an empire like Politically People felt betrayed by the government and thought it Britain’s. unstable was their fault Germany lost. They took over countries such as Kaiser Wilhelm land and They were called the November Criminals. Togoland. Navy Laws Granted money for the building of Dreadnoughts. Leadership 9th November 1918 the Kaiser abdicated (resigned) as Left Germany in debt. leader of Germany 5 The impact of the Treaty of Versailles Terms Detail How did Germans react? Clause 231 Too harsh Many felt it was too harsh War Guilt The war was Germanys fault It took the best bits of land It must pay the full cost of the war They lost factories, farms & mines Reparations Set at £6.6 billion The Germans felt humiliated Germany had to hand over its colonies Diktat They had not been invited to the Peace Conference Areas of land taken and given to The Terms were not negotiated – but dictated. France – Alsace Lorraine Land Sign or go back to war Czechoslovakia - Hultschin Poland - Silesia November Many Germans didn’t think they’d lost the war at all. Danzig placed under LON control Criminals They had been betrayed by the new Weimar Limited to 100,000 Army government asking for a ceasefire after the Kaiser fled Never join with Austria again – no Anschluss Some Germans felt they could have carried on fighting. No troops allowed to be placed in the de-militarised zone Rhineland Hindenburg said ‘The German army was stabbed in the between Germany and France back. No blame is to be attached to the army. It is Given to the LON for 15 years but France could take coal for Saar perfectly clear on whom the blame rests.’ that time. 6 Weimar Republic - Structure Feature Details Would the Weimar Republic work? President Elected every 7 years. Advantages Proportional Smaller parties got more of a Did not run the country day-day. representation meant the say. In charge of the armed forces. system was fairer. Appointed the Chancellor. Disadvantages Article 48 meant the Proportional representation First President was Ebert and the last was President could do whatever led to coalition governments Hindenburg. he wanted in an emergency. These often collapsed. Could use Article 48. Not very democratic. This made it hard Chancellor Ran Germany day-day. to achieve anything. Appointed by the President. Usually from the largest party in the Reichstag Keyword​ Definition​ Had to have the support of at least half the Article 48 Part of the Weimar Constitution that gave the President the right Reichstag. to rule in crisis without the Reichstag. Reichstag Parliament that passed new laws. Coalition Government with more than one party in it. Often led to Voted for by Proportional Representation. Government disagreements. People All men and women over 20 could vote in Proportional % votes in an election = % seats in the Reichstag. elections. Representation Reichstag German Parliament 7 Early Revolts in Weimar Spartacist Revolt January 1919 Kapp Putsch March 1920 Keyword​ Definition​ 6 January 100,000 workers go on strike 12 Kapp gathered 5000 supporters, mainly Putsch​ Rebellion/attempt to take 1919 Spartacists tried to takeover Berlin. March Free Corps, and took over Berlin. over the government.​ Street battles occurred in the capital. 1920 Ebert and the government fled the capital. Communism​ Left wing ideology that 7 January President Ebert sent in 2000 members of the Free 13 Workers went on strike e.g. gas, water and believe in equality. 1919 Corps. March electric. Wanted workers to run 9 January After three days of fighting, the Free Corps defeated 1920 Nothing could get done and the Putsch Germany.​ 1919 the Spartacists. collapsed. 15 Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were arrested, Lasted 100 hours. Free Corps​ Ex-soldiers, right wing who January tortured and murdered. April Kapp fled abroad to Sweden. did not like the new 1919 1920 Weimar government or communism.​ Red Rising March 1920 Key Individuals​ Details​ Spartacists Group who wanted April After the Kapp Putsch failed, workers in the Ruhr Germany to be communist. 1920 stayed on strike. Rosa Luxemburg Leaders of the Spartacists. April/Ma They took over several towns in the Ruhr – it became Karl Liebknecht​ Both killed after the y 1920 known as the Red (communist) Rising failed rebellion in 1919.​ April The government sent in soldiers and some Free Corps. Wolfgang Kapp​ Leader of the Kapp Putsch. 1920 Over 1000 workers were killed. Fled Germany after its failure.​ 8 Weimar Republic – The Ruhr Crisis 1923 Event Description Keyword Definition Dec Germany misses its second reparation payments. Hyperinflation Prices go up and money decreases in value at a very fast 1922 rate. 11 Jan French and Belgium troops invade the Ruhr, a rich Diktat Germany’s name for the Treaty of Versailles, as it had been 1923 industrial area of Germany. dictated to them. Jan- Germany government orders workers in the Ruhr to go on Hyperinflation When prices are out of control. Oct strike. 1923 In order to pay them the government starts to print more money. Shops put prices up, this means the government needs to Winners Losers print even more money. People with loans Anyone on fixed incomes, pensioners, could not afford Soon the situation is out of control and prices are rising could easily pay food. hourly. them off. Savings were now worthless. Nov A loaf of bread cost 201 billion marks. Many businesses collapsed. 1923 Support for the Weimar government fell. 9 Munich Putsch – November 1923 Date Event Consequences 8 November Hitler interrupted a meeting where Kahr was speaking. Hitler was put on trial 1923 He fired a gun and stated that he was taking over Bavaria. He impressed the judges with his nationalist views. Munich is the capital of Bavaria. He was sentenced to just 5 years instead of life or execution. 9 November Ludendorff stated his support for Hitler. Ludendorff was freed. 1923 Around Munich key building were being taken by the SA. He only served 9 months when released in December 1924.​ 9 November Hitler marched through Munich but Kahr had told the police Whilst in prison Hitler wrote his autobiography, Mein Kampf which 1923 who were waiting for him. set out his views. 9 November After a short gun battle 16 Nazis and 3 policemen lay dead. He also decided that the Nazis must gain power through votes not 1923 Hitler was arrested – the Munich Putsch was over. violence.​ Key Individuals​ Details​ Keyword​ Definition​ Adolf Hitler​ Leader of the Nazi Party​ NSDAP​ National Socialist German Workers Party – also known as the Nazi Party.​ Ludendorff​ Former army leader. Supported the Munich Putsch.​ SA​ Storm troopers, violent ex-soldiers who supported Gustav von Kahr​ Leader of the Bavarian government.​ the Nazis.​ 10 Weimar Recovery – Stresemann Recovery Problem Solution Consequences​ Hyperinflation Stresemann introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark. The economy began to grow and hyperinflation was brought Prices were brought back under control. under control.​ French troops in Started to pay reparations. the Ruhr The French left the Ruhr People with savings did not get their money back and were Germany is not Stresemann signed the Locarno Treaty in 1925.