Zootaxa 3619 (5): 541–553 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3619.5.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:36A7C0C3-3961-47F3-A0D0-E338BF0E15D6 Review of Otites Latreille (Diptera: Ulidiidae) from Israel with two new species and notes on biology and behavior ELIZABETH MORGULIS Department of Zoology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The genus Otites Latreille was recorded for the first time from Israel during the study of Ulidiidae in the local fauna in 2009–2012, with three species occurring here: O. grata Loew, O. nox n. sp. and O. vitalyi n. sp. The three species are described and illustrated, and a key for their identification is provided. Laboratory behavioral observations on live O. grata individuals revealed a new mating trophallaxis behavior: a transfer of substance, during copulation, through the genital tracts of the male to the female, which the female expels and consumes after copulation. Key words: Tephritoidea, Ulidiidae, Otites, taxonomy, mating trophallaxis, nuptial feeding Introduction Otites Latreille (Diptera: Tephritoidea: Ulidiidae) is a large holarctic genus comprising 33 described species of small to medium size flies that are mostly gray or black (Steyskal 1965; Soós 1984; Gheorghiu 1987; Carles-Tolrá 1998; Kameneva 2012). Based on morphological characters, Otites appears to be closely related to Dorycera Meigen, but the exact phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships between the two genera are not well understood (Kameneva E. P., personal communication). Until 2009, the ulidiid fauna of Israel was poorly studied and no Otites species were recorded from it. A study of the local ulidiid fauna in the national collection of insects at Tel Aviv University (TAUI) revealed three Otites species, two of which are undescribed (Mogulis 2012). An additional species from Israel may belong to Otites (Morgulis, unpublished data) but this is yet to be verified. While the life history of several ulidiid species was documented (Ferrar 1987), nothing has been known about the life history of any Otites species prior to the present study. Mating trophallaxis behavior (MT, feeding connected to mating, see definition by Freidberg (1982) below) was recorded in many insect taxa (reviewed by Vahed 1998). In Diptera this behavior is especially diverse, including transfer of prey (Alcock 1973), oral (Freidberg 1982; Sivinski et al 1999) and anal (Svensson and Petersson 1987) secretions. In the superfamily Tephritoidea this behavior was documented for Tephritidae (Novak and Foote 1975; Freidberg 1982; Sivinski et al. 1999) and Platystomatidae (Piersol 1907; Morgulis personal observation), but this is the first time that MT has been observed in the Ulidiidae. In addition, the specific form of MT described here has not been known previously for any insect taxa. Material and methods The morphological study is based on specimens collected in Israel during and prior to the present research and deposited in Tel Aviv University (TAUI). Collecting was carried out in the Mediterranean regions of Israel throughout the year using a sweeping net. For the biological observations, flies were transferred in glass vials from the field to the laboratory, where they were placed in plastic cages (30×40×25 cm) with ventilation openings (18×18) covered by a fine stainless steel net (60 mesh). The flies were given honey as food and moist cotton-wool as a source of water. Plant material (branches, leaves etc.) and cardboard were placed in the cages as potential substrates for oviposition. Accepted by D.J. Bickel: 23 Jan. 2013; published: 4 Mar. 2013 541 Photographs were taken using an Olympus digital camera (6.0 megapixel) mounted on a Leica 12.5 stereo microscope or a Wild compound microscope. Illustrations were made using the Inkscape 0.48 software (inkscape.org) based on the photographs. Measurements for each species are based on six specimens, 3 males and 3 females. Characters mentioned in the generic description are not repeated in the species descriptions. Distribution data are based on Steyskal (1965), Soós (1984) and Morgulis (2012). Terminology essentially follows McAlpine (1981) and White et al. (1999). Measurements and additional terms are explained and illustrated below. Head: Gena measurement (Fig. 2)—from the ventralmost point of the eye to the ventral head margin, perpendicular to ventral head axis. Carina protrusion—the section of the carina that is visible in lateral view, usually extending anteriorly beyond the parafacial. Wing pattern (Fig. 17): Basal band (BB)—extending over basal costal cell and base of costal cell, often posteriorly to base of basal radial cell. Sub-basal Band (SBB)—aligned over radial sector; sometimes extending anteriorly to costal vein, and/or posteriorly, to posterior margin of wing. Pterostigmal Band (PB)—extending from apex of pterostigma posteriorly, sometimes to posterior margin of wing. Subapical Band (SAB)—extending from apex of cell r1, often over crossvein DM-Cu, sometimes to posterior margin of wing. Apical Band (AB)—present at apex of cells r2+3 and r4+5, sometimes extending into cells r1 and m. Female terminalia: Cercal unit (Fig. 1)—the fused cerci, epiproct and hypoproct, situated at the apex of the aculeus and bearing the cloacal opening. Cercal unit chaetotaxy: the terms "apical" and "basal" refer to the location of the setae relative to other setae. Setae invariably present on the cercal unit are defined and abbreviated as follows: Basal dorsal (BD); Basal ventral (BV); Subapical ventral pair (SAVP); Apical ventral (AV); Apical dorsal (AD). Lateral groove (Fig. 1)—a lateroventral, longitudinal, paired depression, located on the cercal unit (Kozánek and Belcari 2002). Mating trophallaxis: Trophallaxis between mates, associated with copulation and taking place shortly before, during or shortly after copulation (Freidberg 1982). Taxonomy Genus Otites Latreille 1804 Otites Latreille 1804: 196. Type species: Musca porcus Latreille, 1804: 196 (as “Musca porcus Bosc collection), by monotypy. Otites Latreille, 1805: 383. Type species: Otites elegans Latreille, 1805: 383 by monotypy (unavailable name, originally published in synonymy); invalid type designation. Redescription. Head: Structure: Mostly higher than long, sometimes almost as long as high. Frons as long as wide or slightly wider than long. Face with projecting carina; antennal groove deep. Eye as high as long or higher than long. Pedicel shorter than 1st flagellomere; first flagellomere elliptical, rounded apically. Palp elongate, spatulate to slightly oblanceolate, mostly as long as antenna, excluding arista. Color and vestiture: Frons with matt orange to brown medial vitta; laterally white, silvery or gray microtrichose, including orbit; microtrichia often extend ventrally onto parafacial. Face yellow to brown. First flagellomere often orange, apically infuscate, rarely entirely brown or black, silvery-gray microtrichose. Chaetotaxy: 2 orbital setae present. Frons usually densely and often long setulose. Gena with long black setae and setulae. Vibrissal angle, postgena and occiput often setulose. Arista with short hairs. Thorax: Color and vestiture: Scutum mostly brown to black with silvery-gray microtrichia, usually with 1 medial and 2 lateral (anterior and posterior to transverse suture) darker longitudinal lines with less or no microtrichia. Chaetotaxy: All setae and setulae black. One postpronotal and 2 notopleural setae present. Scutellum usually with 2 pairs of setae (3 pairs in O. cretana Kameneva 2012). 542 · Zootaxa 3619 (5) © 2013 Magnolia Press MORGULIS Legs: Coxae and trochanters often densely gray microtrichose, remaining parts slightly gray microtrichose. Wing: Partially hyaline, usually with brown to black pattern consisting of spots or bands. Venation: Vein R1 setulose dorsally, mostly only along pterostigma, in some species along entire length. Vein Cu2 straight, sinuous or curved; cell bcu usually with very short or without posteroapical lobe. Veins R4+5 and M parallel to slightly convergent, cell r4+5 open. Abdomen: Brown to black, often with sexually dimorphic microtrichose pattern. Male terminalia: Pair of ear-shaped parameres often present; medial surstylus usually bearing 4-5 (in Nearctic species) to 35-40 prensisetae; lateral surstylus elongate, bearing no prensisetae. Phallus mostly laterally (on both sides) setulose or spinulose and often medially scaled or microspinulose. Glans short, membranous, setulose and/or micro-spinulose or bare. Female terminalia: Cercal unit usually oval; 3 elongate, wrinkled spermathecae present. FIGURE 1. Terminology of cercal unit setulae. Abbreviations: AD—Apical dorsal; AV—Apical ventral; BD—Basal dorsal; BV— Basal ventral; SAVP—Subapical ventral pair. Key to species of Otites in Israel 1. Wing pattern not discrete (Fig. 18); 1st flagellomere entirely black; phallus spinulose. .Otites nox n. sp. -. Wing pattern discrete (Fig. 17, 19); 1st flagellomere mainly orange, at most apically black; phallus setulose . 2 2. Wing pattern consisting of separate spots (Fig. 17); 2 pairs of dorsocentral setae present. .Otites grata Loew -. Wing pattern consisting of connected spots (Fig. 19); 3–4 pairs of dorsocentral setae present . .Otites vitalyi n. sp. OTITES LATREILLE (DIPTERA: ULIDIIDAE) FROM ISRAEL Zootaxa 3619 (5) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 543 Otites grata