A NEW (BOWLING GREEN STATE) UNIVERSITY: EDUCATIONAL ACTIVISM, SOCIAL CHANGE, AND CAMPUS PROTEST IN THE LONG SIXTIES Robert Carlock A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2019 Committee: Benjamin Greene, Advisor Rebecca Mancuso Luke Nichter © 2019 Robert Carlock All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Benjamin Greene, Advisor This is a case study of student activism in the 1960s at Bowling Green State University, located in Northwestern Ohio, that contributes to the growing historiography of student activism at non-elite state institutions. This study complicates the national narrative of student activism, which asserts that student activism was generally violent, radical, and largely restricted to elite universities. By examining student activism at BGSU, this study demonstrates that student activism was present at non-elite public universities and also introduces the concept of “educational activism,” a method of activism that focused on inclusive exploration of contemporary issues rather than radical violence. Prior to 1970, students and administrators established open channels of communication and formed an educational model of activism through the efforts of three areas of activism: the student power movement, the antiwar movement, and the Black student movement. The conservative nature of the university and its administration restricted radical and violent protest, which forced students to address their concerns non-violently. Student activists communicated with administrators to address their concerns and together they established a legacy of peaceful educational activism that mitigated the need for violent protest. Their efforts culminated in the formation of the New University, a series of teach-ins created following the Kent State Shootings. These teach-ins gave students agency in their education, allowed them to analyze contemporary issues, and explore topics that were non-existent in the university curriculum. As a result of the New University, BGSU faced no violent protest and was the only residential state university to remain open in Ohio following the Kent State Shootings. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a great debt to my thesis advisor, Dr. Benjamin Greene, who patiently guided me through the research process and refined my writing ability. His feedback and guidance has shaped my academic career at BGSU and I would not be here without him. Also Dr. Rebecca Mancuso, who read some of my earliest work on the New University and encouraged me to dig deeper, and Dr. Luke Nichter, who provided honest, constructive feedback on my work. I would like to thank Dr. Ruth Herndon, who is responsible for the formation of the thesis writers group, an invaluable experience that I hope continues to benefit graduate students in the department for years to come. I am also grateful for Becky Brown and Travis Wright, the other members of the thesis writers group, for their constant support, assistance, and friendship. I owe my interest in this topic to Dr. Michael Brooks. I also owe a great debt to Nick Licata, whose activism shaped this thesis and who gave me access to his unpublished manuscript of his time here. Without, his manuscript this thesis would not be what it is today. There are many others who helped me complete this project that would take too long to name individually. Many other members of the history department at BGSU have been consistently sources of support, and for that I am grateful. Thank you to all the staff at the Center for Archival Collections at BGSU, who have always been very friendly and helpful, making my many hours spent researching very enjoyable. Thank you to my family for their constant cheering on, especially my mother Janine Carlock, who consistently reviewed my work. And finally, thank you to Chelsea Caswell, whose constant patience, love, and support motivated me to complete this project. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………. 1 CHAPTER I. STUDENT POWER MOVEMENT………………………………...……… 17 CHAPTER II. ANTIWAR MOVEMENT …………………………………………….…. 55 CHAPTER III. BLACK STUDENT MOVEMENT ……………………………………... 79 CONCLUSION…………………………………………….………………………………. 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………. 117 APPENDIX A. TIMELINE ………………………………………………………………. 122 APPENDIX B. CLOSURES OF MAJOR OHIO UNIVERSITIES, SPRING 1970……… . 126 1 INTRODUCTION The shocking Ohio National Guard shooting of student protestors at Kent State University prompted nearly every major university in Ohio to close for a period of time prior to the end of the academic year, and caused a number of violent student protests across the state and country. Curiously, one regional institution, Bowling Green State University (BGSU), did not close or face violent student protests in the spring of 1970. What about BGSU made its experience exceptional when compared to similar institutions in Ohio? By examining broader student activism of the 1950s and 1960s as well as the BGSU response to the Kent State shootings, this thesis asserts that BGSU’s unique response to the Kent State shootings was the result of a legacy of educational activism that had been established throughout the decade. Educational activism centered activist energy on discussion rather than destruction, mitigating student violence at BGSU.1 This thesis develops the concept of educational activism to describe a peaceful and productive alternative to radical and violent unrest that focuses on encouraging critical analysis of contemporary issues, and when possible, formulating local solutions. While many protestors of the Sixties became polarized and radically or violently opposed their opposition, educational activism was designed in many cases to incorporate viewpoints from all sides to analyze and resolve any number of issues in a peaceful manner. The most popular and recognizable of several forms of educational activism are teach-ins, a method of educational activism that began at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in 1965 and quickly spread to campuses across the 1 Protest and activism are both words used to describe the way students responded to events throughout the Sixties, but each word carries a different implication. Throughout this study, these words are used carefully: protest represents radical, violent, or confrontational acts, while activism represents peaceful or educational acts. 2 country.2 While teach-ins garner fleeting analysis or passing mentions in the footnotes of many studies of the 1960s, there have been almost no in-depth studies of educational activism despite occurring nationwide in various forms. This thesis introduces educational activism as a term that includes teach-ins but also incorporates any method of activism that promotes analyzing social issues as an alternative to demonstrative or confrontational protest. Similar forms of activism include organized debates, inviting guest speakers representing various viewpoints, or performance arts. While this study analyzes how educational activism was a method utilized by student activists at BGSU during the 1960s, it is not a comprehensive national analysis of educational activism; there is need for further study of educational activism at other universities to define its true scope. At BGSU, the peaceful nature of educational activism is most visible when analyzing the student response to the Kent State shootings. Rather than turning to violent protest after hearing the troubling news from Kent State, student activists at BGSU sought to discuss their concerns with the president, William T. Jerome III, who listened to their demands and eased their fear of the National Guard appearing at BGSU. The week that followed consisted of teach-ins, peaceful marches, and sit-ins as students, faculty, and administrators channeled their fear and outrage into peaceful and productive activism. The next week, students formally organized their teach-ins into a alternate curriculum called the New University to analyze contemporary issues, including the Vietnam War, racial inequality, and the in loco parentis style of administration that still largely governed universities. The administration sanctioned the New University and allowed students to opt out of their regular university courses to attend. Although the New University was largely discontinued and ceased to exist completely within a year, it remains a significant 2 “Michigan Faculty Created Teach-In,” New York Times, May 9, 1965, 43. 3 example of how educational activism prevented a potentially violent response to the Kent State shootings. Analyzing student power, antiwar, and Black student activism at BGSU prior to 1970, this study examines how students worked with administrators throughout the decade to establish and utilize an educational model of activism that implemented change in a peaceful manner and prevented a violent response to the Kent State shootings. In doing so, this study contributes to the burgeoning scholarship of non-elite state student activism, which complicates the national narrative of student unrest of the 1960s. The Sixties have been remembered both publicly and in academia as one of the most turbulent and formative decades in modern American history.3 People from all walks of life took to the streets to participate in “the Movement,” a term that represented the revolutionary spirit that fueled the multiple movements of the era. After the end of the 1960s, historians began to work on formulating a narrative and analyzing