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Towards a New Reconstruction of the Text of Marcion’s Gospel: History of Research, Sources, Methodology, and the Testimony of Tertullian Dieter T. Roth A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. in New Testament and Christian Origins The University of Edinburgh 2009 In fulfillment of regulation 2.5 of the University of Edinburgh Postgraduate (Research) Assessment Regulations, I hereby declare that I have composed the following thesis, that it is my own work, and that it has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Dieter T. Roth i Abstract This thesis provides the initial and foundational steps for a new reconstruction of the text of Marcion’s Gospel. Though Harnack’s 1924 magisterial work on Marcion remains valuable and important, shortcomings in his reconstructed text of the Marcionite scriptures, as well as advances in critical methodology, text criticism, and patristic studies have led to the recognition that new reconstructions of Marcion’s scriptures are a scholarly desideratum. With the text of Marcion’s Apostolikon examined and reconstructed in a 1995 work by Ulrich Schmid, this thesis provides the most important elements for a new examination and reconstruction of Marcion’s Euangelion. Chapter 1 provides an extensive history of research, not only to provide the context and rationale for the present work, but also to provide the first in-depth scholarly survey of work on Marcion’s Gospel in 150 years. In addition, since several flaws in earlier studies arose out of a lack of an accurate understanding of the status quaestionis at various points in the history of research on Marcion’s Gospel, by considering and engaging with previous scholarship such errors can be avoided. Chapter 2 begins with a consideration of the sources for Marcion’s Gospel and provides a comprehensive listing of verses attested as present in, verses attested as absent from, and unattested verses of this Gospel. The chapter concludes with a methodological discussion, highlighting the particular importance of understanding the citation customs of the witnesses to Marcion’s text and noting the significant citation customs of Tertullian demonstrated by Schmid’s and my own research. Chapter 3 begins the analysis of the data found in Tertullian, the most extensive and important source for Marcion’s Gospel. This chapter examines all of the verses that Tertullian attests for Marcion’s Gospel that are also cited elsewhere in Tertullian’s corpus and focuses particularly on how these multiply-cited passages provide insight into Tertullian’s testimony to readings in Marcion’s text. Chapter 4 continues the analysis of Tertullian’s testimony by examining the remaining verses, i.e., those attested for Marcion’s Gospel but not multiply-cited in Tertullian’s corpus. Chapter 5 provides a reconstruction of the 328 verses in Marcion’s Gospel for which Tertullian is the only witness and offers not only readings for Marcion’s text, but also the relative certainty for those readings. Chapter 6 summarizes and concludes the thesis, along with brief mention of avenues for future research. ii ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................... II ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................ XI CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 HISTORY OF RESEARCH.......................................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 ANCIENT WITNESSES ................................................................................................................. 5 1.2.2 QUESTIONING THE ANCIENT CONSENSUS .................................................................................. 6 1.2.3 REAFFIRMING THE TRADITIONAL POSITION ............................................................................... 7 1.2.4 THE PROLIFIC (AND PROBLEMATIC ) PERIOD OF THE 1840 S AND 1850 S..................................... 8 1.2.4.1 F. C. Albert Schwegler (1843).......................................................................................... 8 1.2.4.2 Albrecht Ritschl (1846) .................................................................................................... 9 1.2.4.3 F. C. Baur (1846–1847) .................................................................................................. 10 1.2.4.4 Gustav Volckmar and Adolf Hilgenfeld (1850) ............................................................. 10 1.2.4.5 F. C. Baur and Albrecht Ritschl (1851) .......................................................................... 12 1.2.4.6 Gustav Volckmar (1852) ................................................................................................ 13 1.2.4.7 Adolf Hilgenfeld (1853) ................................................................................................. 15 1.2.5 THE LATTER HALF OF THE 19 TH CENTURY ............................................................................... 16 1.2.6 THE EARLY 20 TH CENTURY ...................................................................................................... 20 1.2.7 POST -HARNACK STUDIES UP TO 1980 ..................................................................................... 25 1.2.8 1980 TO PRESENT .................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 40 2.1 THE SOURCES FOR MARCION’S GOSPEL......................................................................... 40 2.1.1 SOURCES FOR RECONSTRUCTING MARCION ’S GOSPEL ........................................................... 40 2.1.2 THE ATTESTATION OF MARCION ’S GOSPEL ............................................................................. 44 2.1.2.1 Attested Verses (Present)................................................................................................ 47 2.1.2.2 Attested Verses (Absent) ................................................................................................ 60 2.1.2.3 Unattested Verses ........................................................................................................... 62 2.1.3 TERTULLIAN ’S TESTIMONY TO MARCION ’S GOSPEL ............................................................... 62 2.1.3.1 Statistical Analysis of Tertullian’s Testimony................................................................ 62 2.1.3.2 Book Four of Adversus Marcionem ................................................................................ 63 iii 2.2 THE METHODOLOGY EMPLOYED IN THIS STUDY ....................................................... 64 2.2.1 MULTIPLE CITATIONS .............................................................................................................. 64 2.2.2 TEXTUAL CRITICISM ................................................................................................................ 67 2.2.3 TERTULLIAN ’S CITATION CUSTOM .......................................................................................... 68 2.2.3.1 Variations in Conjunctions ............................................................................................. 68 2.2.3.2 Word Order and Altering the Position of Pronouns........................................................ 69 2.2.3.3 Use of Future Tense........................................................................................................ 70 2.2.3.4 General Inclination to Matthean Accounts ..................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 72 3.1 TERTULLIAN AS A SOURCE: MULTIPLE CITATIONS ................................................... 72 3.1.1 LUKE 4:32 ............................................................................................................................... 72 3.1.2 LUKE 4:34 ............................................................................................................................... 73 3.1.3 LUKE 5:11 ..............................................................................................................................