Internet and New Media Course Notes Version of 03 Nov 2014 Ao.Univ.-Prof. Dr. Keith Andrews IICM Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 16c A-8010 Graz [email protected] Copyright 2014 Keith Andrews. Contents Contents iii List of Figures vii List of Tables ix List of Listings xi Preface xiii Credits xv 1 Introducing the Internet1 1.1 Internet Statistics . .3 1.2 Internet FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) . 14 1.3 Warriors of the Net . 20 2 Newsgroups 25 2.1 Usenet News . 26 2.2 Character Encodings and Plain Text . 31 2.3 Configuring Your News Reader . 40 2.4 Netiquette . 47 3 Electronic Mail 57 3.1 Starting with Email . 57 3.2 Different Kinds of Email Access . 59 3.3 Configuring Your Email Reader . 61 3.4 Using Email . 62 3.5 Securing Your Email . 69 4 Searching and Researching 73 4.1 Searching The Web . 74 4.2 Academic Research . 77 4.3 Browser Search Hacks . 79 4.4 Desktop Search . 80 i 5 Plagiarism and Copyright 81 5.1 Academic Integrity . 83 5.2 Copyright Law . 84 5.3 Quoting Text . 86 5.4 A Worked Example . 88 5.5 Quoting Images . 90 5.6 Plagiarism Policy and Consequences . 90 5.7 Breaches of Copyright . 90 6 Getting Connected 93 6.1 Hooking Up . 94 6.2 Types of Internet Connection . 96 6.3 How the Internet Works . 104 7 Staying Safe 113 7.1 The Bad Guys . 114 7.2 Privacy . 115 7.3 Prevention is Better than Cure . 116 8 File Transfer 129 9 The Web 133 9.1 The World Wide Web . 133 9.2 Configuring Your Web Browser . 141 9.3 HTTPS, SSL, and TLS . 148 10 Creating Your Own Web Site 151 10.1 Creating Web Pages . 153 10.2 XHTML . 154 10.3 Building a Polyglot XHTML5 Web Site . 157 10.4 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS3) . 164 10.5 Web Hosting . 165 10.6 Using HTTPS on Your Web Site . 166 11 Designing with Style 167 11.1 Structuring Your XHTML . 168 11.2 Styling with CSS . 170 11.3 Responsive Web Design . 181 12 A Short History of the Internet 189 12.1 Remote Login (Telnet) . 192 12.2 File Transfer (FTP) . 192 12.3 Electronic Mail (Email) . 192 12.4 Newsgroups (USENET News) . 193 12.5 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) . 193 12.6 Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS) . 194 12.7 Gopher . 194 12.8 The World Wide Web (WWW) . 194 12.9 Hyper-G . 198 ii 13 Other Topics 203 13.1 Media Types . 203 13.2 Dynamic Web Content . 207 13.3 Services Running over The Internet . 208 13.4 The Semantic Web . 209 13.5 Web 2.0 . 209 13.6 Web Usability and Accessibility . 212 13.7 Web Initiatives . 212 Bibliography 215 iii iv List of Figures 1.1 A Global Network of Networks . .3 1.2 Opte Map of the Internet . .4 1.3 Internet Users by Year . .6 1.4 Users by Region . .6 1.5 Internet Host Count . .9 1.6 OECD Fixed Broadband Subscribers Chart . 11 1.7 OECD Wireless Broadband Subscribers Chart . 11 1.8 Tweets by Source . 13 1.9 Browser vs Native App . 14 1.10 The Client-Server Model . 17 1.11 Clients and Servers . 18 1.12 A Firewall Machine . 18 1.13 A Private Intranet Behind a Firewall . 19 1.14 Warriors of the Net Story . 21 1.15 Warriors of the Net: Clicking a Link in a Web Browser . 21 1.16 Warriors of the Net: Filling an IP Packet . 22 1.17 Warriors of the Net: Router . 22 1.18 Warriors of the Net: Switch . 23 1.19 Warriors of the Net: Transoceanic Cable . 23 2.1 TU Graz Newsgroups in Thunderbird . 27 2.2 Directory Listing of Plain Text Files and Word Documents . 35 2.3 Plain Text File in PSPad Text Editor . 36 2.4 Word Document in Word 2010 . 36 2.5 UTF-8 Encoded Plain Text File in HxD . 37 2.6 7-Bit ASCII Encoded Plain Text File in HxD . 37 2.7 ISO-8859-15 Encoded Plain Text File in HxD . 38 2.8 Word Document (.doc) in HxD . 38 2.9 Word Document (.docx) in HxD . 39 2.10 Word Document (.docx) is Zip Folder of XML Files . 39 2.11 Subscribing to TU Graz Newsgroups . 42 2.12 Message Source . 46 3.1 Email Message Passing . 58 3.2 Spam Canned Meat . 67 4.1 Searching in IEEE Explore . 78 v 5.1 Two Famous Cases of Plagarism: Guttenberg and Schavan . 82 5.2 Originality Report from TurnItIn . 84 6.1 The Last Mile . 94 6.2 WiFi at Home . ..